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immunology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What affects the immune response?

A 
Age
Nutritional Status
Genetics
Confounders/co-infections
Drugs
Stress
Smoking
*Immune cells are not static either!
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2
Q

Define Immunology

A

The study of host defense against disease

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3
Q

The divisions of the immune system

A

Innate (always present) and Adaptive (has to be induced, but highly targeted)

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4
Q

Components of Innate Immunity

A

Humoral:
Complement, Cytokines/chemokines, antimicrobial peptides

Cellular:
Monocytes-Macrophages, dendritic cells
NK cells
Granulocytes-Mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils

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5
Q

Components of Adaptive immunity

A

Humoral:
Antibodies

Cellular:
B cells
T cells (Helper, cytotoxic, regulatory)

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6
Q

Define Barriers of immune system

A

Passive defenses
always present
effective at keeping 99.9% of pathogens out

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7
Q

Name the barriers

A 
Skin
Mucus membranes
Antimicrobial peptides
Degrading Enzymes
Iron chelators
Movement
Normal flora
Acidic/dry environments
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8
Q

Define Detectors

A

Identify the “non self”

signal to other cells something is going on

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9
Q

Name some detectors of the immune system

A

Pattern Recognition receptors-toll like receptors (TLRs), Danger associated molecular patterns (DAMP)
Complement system
Misc Receptors-Fc receptors, cytokine, acute phase protein receptors (mannose binding lectin, C reactive protein, serum amyloid A, P (SAA,SAP), Acid glycoprotein (AGP)

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10
Q

Responders

A

The cells that mount an immune response

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11
Q

Name some innate responders

A 
Granulocytes
-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils
-mast cells
Mononuclear phagocytes
-macrophages
-dendritic cells
Lymphocytes
NK cells
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12
Q

Name some Adaptive Responders

A

Lymphocytes like B and T cells

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13
Q

What mediates Immunity?

A

Organs, cells and molecules and

soluble components, cellular components, tissues

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14
Q

When does an immune response occur?

A

Occurs following a stimulus, but immune system is always working

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15
Q

Innate immunity sees what?

A

Whole pathogen or protein

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16
Q

Adaptive immunity sees what

A

The epitope (a 10-20 AA’s)

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17
Q

Cells of the Innate immune system can kill what?

A

The pathogen or the infected host cell

18
Q

Define soluble components of the immune system

A
  • Released by immune cells .fibroblasts, epithelial cells hepatocytes, others
  • Affect differentiation and activities of immune cells
  • Can have direct action on invading pathogens or tumors
19
Q

Define cellular components of immune system

A
  • Innate responses and Adaptive responses
  • both innate and adaptive rely on wbc’s (leukocytes), which originate in the bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells
  • Depending on the signals (receptor binding and cytokines) encountered, hematopoietic stem cells differentiate along a myeloid pathway or a lymphoid pathway
20
Q

Name the types tissues of immune system

A

Primary organs

Secondary organs

21
Q

All cells of the immune system arise from where?

A

bone marrow precursors

cytokines drive differentiation down each pathway

22
Q

Where can you find white blood cells?

A

both in the tissue and the blood
they migrate into tissues naturally, while others remain in the blood until there is inflammation or tissue injury
ex. neutrophils can be quickly distributed to the tissues in response to an inflammatory stimulus

23
Q

Define cytokines

A 
small proteins that are chemical messengers and coordinate the immune response
they also:
drive immune cell differentiation
regulate the activation of immune cels
direct movement of immune cells
24
Q

Neutrophils

A

Innate immune cell
also called PMNs
Most numerous innate immune cell
responsible for phagocytosis and digestion of bacteria and particles
2 day lifespan
multilobed nuclei and granules that stain with neutral dyes

25
Q

Do species differ in their % of blood leukocytes

A

yes

20-30% in ruminants, 60-75% in carnivores

26
Q

Macrophages

A 
Innate immune cell
Most important phagocytic cell!!
produce cytokines, regulates homeostatic processes and wound healing
Phagocytic, kills bacteria
-has fc and complement receptors
Secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines
Present processed antigens to t cells
Live longer than the neutrophils do
27
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Innate cell
Phagocytic
found in low #’s in tissues
found in skin epitheila, intestinal, reproductive mucosae
migrate to draining lymph nodes following pathogen uptake
MOST IMPORTANT antigen presenting cell
a link between innate and adaptive in that the present antigens to the t cells of the adaptive immune system

28
Q

Eosinophils

A

Innate cell
Also a PMN, present in low numbers (0.1-3% of blood cells)
After release from bone marrow, the migrate to spleen for maturation, then migrate to tissues, especially CT under mucosal surfaces
Kill extracellular parasites (have fc receptors on surface, bind antibodies)
Bilobed nuclei, cytoplasmic granules that stain with eoosin
the granules contain phosphatase, peroxidase, toxic proteins
12 day life span

29
Q

Basophils

A

Innate cell
a PMN
present in v low numbers (~.05%)
mutilobed nuclelus
cytoplasmic granules stain with basophilic dyes such as hematoxylin
Granules contain inflammatory molecules (histamine, seratonin)
not normally distributed in tissues
kill parasites due to presence of antibody receptors

30
Q

Mast cells

A

Innate cell
Long life span
reside near blood vessels
normally distrubuted in tissues, primarily CT and near body surfaces
different morphologies in different tissues
Kill parasides due to presence of FceRI which binds IgE
cytoplasmic granules contain inflammatory molecules (vasoactive amines like histamine, seratonin)

31
Q

NK cells

A

Innate cell
Lymphocytic lineage, but are not T cells
process different antigen receptors than B or t cells
do not require thymus for maturation
~15% of blood lymphocytes
mostly in secondary lymphoid organs
kill tumor cells and virally infected cells
Process an Fc receptor allowing them to bind many types of antibodies

32
Q

Innate immunity

A

ubiquitous in body tissues

ready to respond immediately to threats

33
Q

Innate immune cells are:

A

sentinel cells
directly cytotoxic for bacteria, fungi, parasites (nk cell is exception to this)
inflammatory thru secretion factors that
-activate other cells
-recruit immune cells to sites of iflammation
disrupt cell membranes of bacteria fungi, parasites

34
Q

Innate Immune components are:

A

soluble factors that regulate function of other cells in body
damage invading microorganisms
promote wound healing

35
Q

Adaptive Immunity is..

A

Specific to a given molecule
mediated by lymphocytes (b,t cells) which have receptors for antigens on pathogens or particles, provide specific immunity, provide memory of specific antigens

36
Q

Bcells

A 
produce antibodies (humoral immunity)
antibodies bind antigens and interact with components of innate immune system
37
Q

T cells

A

recognize processed antigen on host cells (cell mediated immunity)
helper t cells activate or regulate activites of other cells
cytotoxic t cells kill host cells bearing a foreign antigen

38
Q

Where do b and t cells differentiate

A

b-bursa, bone marrow

t-thymus

39
Q

where are lymphocytes found

A

blood, lymphoid organs

40
Q

Clonal selection

A

each lymphocyte ca see a few antigens
once selected, they undergo clonal replication
based on a cell having the correct receptor for a very small defined part of a larger antigen (epitope)
other cells of the same type with different receptors are not activated

immunology (1 decks)

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