Lecture 1

Question 1

What are the functions of the kidneys?

Answer 1

Regulation
Excretion
Endocrine
Metabolic

Question 2

Regulatory function of the kidneys?

Answer 2

Control concentrations of key substances eg electrolytes in the extracellular fluid

Question 3

What is the excretory function of the kidney?

Answer 3

Excretes waste products like urea

Question 4

What is the endocrine function of the kidney?

Answer 4

Synthesis of renin erythropoetin prostaglandins (RAAS pathway)

Question 5

What is the metabolic activity of the kidney?

Answer 5

Activates vitamin D catabolises insulin PTH and calcitonin

Question 6

Where does the ureter join the kidney?

Answer 6

At the hilum

Question 7

What levels are the kidneys at?

Answer 7

Kidneys are between t11 or t12 and l2 or l3

Question 8

Why is the right kidney lower than the left?

Answer 8

Because the liver pushes the right kidney down

Question 9

What is is close conjunction with the kidney?

Answer 9

Jejunum 
Liver
IVC
Adrenal glands
Spleen
Duodenum
Descending colon
Aorta
Stomach 
Pancreas 
Renal veins

Question 10

What layers cover the kidney?

Answer 10

Diaphragm covers superior kidney
Aponeurosis of transversus abdomalis muscle
Quadratus lumborum muscle

Question 11

Where are the kidneys found?

Answer 11

They are retroperitoneal organs situated in posterior part of the abdomen on either side of the vertebral column

Question 12

What is the normal size of the kidney?

Answer 12

About 11 to 12 centimetres in length 5-7 1/2 centimetres wide and 2 1/2 to 3 centimetres in thickness

Question 13

What is the blood supply to the kidney?

Answer 13

Single renal artery

Although the presence of accessory renal arteries is not rare

Question 14

Where does the renal artery enter the kidney?

Answer 14

In the hilar region and divides to create an anterior and posterior branch

Question 15

What are the structures inside the kidney?

Answer 15

Cortex medulla renal pyramids

Question 16

Where does the ureter cross the pelvic edge?

Answer 16

At level of sacral iliac joint anterior to bifurcation of the coon iliac artery which pierces posterior to the surface of the bladder

Question 17

Where does the ureter pass in men?

Answer 17

Under the vas deferens (water under the bridge)

Question 18

Where does the ureter passing in females ?

Answer 18

The ureter descends posterior to the ovary and into the base of the broad ligament and passing under the uterine artery

Question 19

What is the bladder posterior to?

Answer 19

Pubic bones

Pubic symphysis