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Personality Revision 2 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Outline diffential psychology, the study of what?

- time

A
  • How and why people differ
  • Describe explain or measure changes over time
  • origins/ devvelopment
  • Allows you to predict behaviours and outcomes over time
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2
Q

What areas does differential psychology cross over into?

- 5 things

A
  • Cognitive
  • biological
  • psychoanalytical
  • psychometric
  • evolutionary approaches
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3
Q

Outline Hippocrates

A

460-370bc

  • Greek Physician
  • Argued that imbalances in the body caused ill health
  • He noticed how some could cope better with ill health
  • so he was interested in the differences in people
  • Body contains: blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile, these cause pain and health
  • when in the correct proportion, we are healthy
  • pain occurs when one of these is in deficiency or excess
  • We can identify the cause of an illness and do something about it
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4
Q

Who are considered the founding fathers of differential psychology?

A

The Ancient greeks

  • they were interested in what caused differences between people
  • They formed the groundwork in this area
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5
Q

Outline Galen

A

130-210 AD - Greek Physician/ Surgeon

  • Outline the 4 humours based on Hippocrates ideas
  • These acted as a causal basis for all temperaments
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6
Q

Outline Galens 4 temperaments and which bodily fluid causes them

A
  1. Choleric - Yellow Bile
  2. Phlegmatic - Phlegm
  3. Sanguine - blood
  4. Melancholic - Black bile
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7
Q

Outline the choleric temperement

A

Caused by Yellow Bile - High energy/ passion/ charisma

  • Touchy
  • Restless
  • Aggressive
  • Excitable
  • Changeable
  • Impulsive
  • optimistic
  • Active
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8
Q

Outline the Phlegmatic temperement

A

Caused by Phlegm - Dependability/ kind/ affection

  • passive
  • Careful
  • Thoughtful
  • Peacful
  • Controlled
  • Reliable
  • Even-tempered
  • Calm
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9
Q

Outline the Sanguine temperement

A

Caused by Blood - extraverted/ social

  • Sociable
  • Outgoing
  • Talkative
  • Responsive
  • Easygoing
  • Lively
  • Carefree
  • Leadership
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10
Q

Outline the Melancholic temperement

A

Caused by Black bile - Creative/ kind/ considerate

  • Moody
  • Anxious
  • Sober
  • Pessimistic
  • Reserved
  • Unsociable
  • Quiet
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11
Q

Outline Plato

A

427-347 BC
- Asked why we see differences in each person
- argued we are born different - differences are innate
- Argued “no two persons are born exaclty alike”
- Platos cave:
Indicates mechanisms/ explanations behind behaviour.. That sometimes we dont realise

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12
Q

Outline Plato’s cave

A

Indicates mechanisms/ explanations behind behaviour.. That sometimes we don’t realise

  • Some may be interested in the pattern of shadows
  • consistency and repetition may be noticed
  • e.g. guard comes in at the same time to feed the
  • but wont fully comprehend what that means
  • But others may not notice this at all
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13
Q

What does Plato’s allegory of the cave tell us about differential psychology?
- psychometrics

A

The notion of latent variables

  • Because in ID psychology, we can observe behaviours, but cannot see the explanations behind them - we have to come up with a way to figure it out
  • likewise, these prisoners can only observe the shadows, they cannot see the origin of these
  • therefore, like us, the prisoners are interpreting reality from their observations
  • Psychometrics are commonly used to measure latent variables
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14
Q

Outline Plato’s Tripartite Soul

A
  1. Rational/ Logical - LOCATED IN THE HEAD
    - Seeks truth, swayed by facts or arguments
  2. Spirited/ Emotional - LOCATED IN THE HEART
    - How feelings fuel your actions
    - e.g. anger and sadness
  3. Appetitve/ Physical Desires - LOCATED IN THE LIVER
    - Drives you to eat, have sex and protect yourself

The top 2 often have to overive the appetitive part

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15
Q

Outline Freuds tripartite theory of personality

A

Freuds theory of the structure of personality (1923)

  1. Id - primal instinct, pleasure
    - equivalent to Plato’s appetitive (liver)
  2. Ego - rational, mediates the other two
    - equivalent to Plato’s rational (head)
  3. Superego - morality, conciousness, guilt
    - equivalent to Plato’s spirited (heart)
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16
Q

Outline Theophrastrus

A

Greek Physician

  • Particularly interested in individual differences
  • Observed people and tried to classify/ organised personality types
  • Created a list of 30 characters based on the personality types he had observed
  • He asked how characters are so variously constituted
17
Q

Give some examples of Theophrastrus’ 30 personality types

A
  • The buffoon
  • The coward
  • The nasty man
  • The Arrogant Man
  • The stupid Man
18
Q

What approach did Theophrastrus do?

A

Adopted a lexical approach

  • Using words to describe personalty types
  • Descriptive terms of people tell us about how they differ
  • From one word, e.g. coward, we kind of already understand what theyll be like and can then make predictions
  • the important a differences, the more likely it is to become expressed as a single word
19
Q

Outline the age of enlightenment

- When and with what?

A
  • Mid 17thC to 18thC - intense revolutions in science, philosphy, society and politics
  • Involved some key figures in the development of differential psychology
20
Q

Outline Rene Descartes

A

1596-1650

  • Advocate of mind-body dualism
  • that the mind and body were seperate
  • the body = a physical structure
  • the mind = seperate but interacts with body in PINEAL GLAND

X - inference - cannot study the mind

21
Q

Outline Thomas Hobbes

A

1588-1679

  • Disagreed with Descartes
  • proposed Monism - opposite to dualism
  • The mind and brain are the same thing
  • Much closer to modern beliefs than how close dualism was
  • argued mind can be located in body and can be pinned and measured
22
Q

Outline John Locke

- Tabula

A

1632-1704

  • Advocated NURTURE over nature
  • At birth, we are born a blank slate (Tabula Rasa)
  • We are born without innate ideas/ knowldge
  • This is determined only by experience, derived from sense perception
  • Environments we are exposed to are the origins of Individual differences
23
Q

Outline Darwin

A

1809-1882

  • Advocated genetics and inheritability of traits
  • Origin of the species (1859)
24
Q

Outline Galton

A

1822-1911

  • 2nd cousin to Darwin
  • Introduced selective breeding - known as eugenics
  • Huge influence in individual differences, looked at measuring it
  • argued you could produce a highly-gifted race of men by selective marriages and several consecutive generations
  • Hereditary Genius (1869)
  • ARgued poor people/ criminals should be prevented from breeding
  • but the rich should breed so much
25
Q

Give some examples of Galtons interview questions he asked

A
  1. Demographic information - including parents occupations (Family prestige)
  2. How fit are you
  3. recall any physical competitions that you won?
  4. Awarded any prizes for academics?
  5. have you held any position of esteem/ trust?
26
Q

What are the 2 main approaches to studying individual differences?

A
  1. Nomothetic
    - General laws about human behaviour
  2. Idiographic
    - concerned with uniqueness in human behaviour
27
Q

Outline the nomothetic approach

- methods

A
  • Fixed set of variables that can be used to describe human personality
  • From the Greek: Nomos, meaning law
  • Study large groups to establish averages/ norms
  • Focus on similarities
  • Primarily studied using quantitative methods
    •e.g. questionnaires, experiments
28
Q

Outline the idiographic approach

A
  • Focus on individuals, and their unique variables
  • Study individuals, one at a time
  • Differences prioritised over similarities
  • Studied using qualitative research: case studies, interviews, diaries
    •These are in-depth methods, to understand all aspects of a persons personality
  • e.g. Freud, psychoanalytic approach - e.g. dream diaries
29
Q

Give examples of applications individual difference psychology has today

A
  • Education
  • Recruitment and HR - mechanisms to find perfect person for job
  • Differences across societies/ cultures
  • Health + illness - people differ in how they respond to therapy - find perfect one for them

Personality Revision 2 (10 decks)

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