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Block 1 -Test 1, (Biochem) > Lecture 1 (8/16) Cell Structure and Organelles > Flashcards

Lecture 1 (8/16) Cell Structure and Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

Non-membrane bound organelles

A 
Cytoskeleton 
 -MT
 -AF
 -IF
Proteosomes
Ribosomes
Centrioles and Basal Bodies
Cilia, Flagella
Inclusions

“CPR-CCI”

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2
Q

Membrane bound organelles

A 
PM
Peroxisomes
Lysosomes 
Mitochondria
ER, Endosomes
Golgi
Nucleus

“Please, please let me go now”

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3
Q

Glycoproteins will always face the?

A

Extracellular environment

Cytoplasm is a reducing environment and Extracellular fluid is an oxidizing environment.

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4
Q

Functions of the cell membrane

A 
Structure 
Control movement 
Regulates cell cell interaction 
Has receptors 
Transport
Transduces
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5
Q

Channels allow passage of

A

ions

-can be voltage, ligand, or mechanically gated.

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6
Q

Pumps and carriers

A

ions and molecules. Na/K. Ca. Glucose

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7
Q

Surface receptors

A

bind to a ligand to elicit a cellular response. Serve as signaling molecules which are kinases or are kinases themselves or are associated with kinases.

Also associated with G-proteins, cytokines, or steroid receptors.

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8
Q

Linkers and Structural Proteins

A

involved in cell-cell attachment; cell-matrix attachment

-serve as scaffolds for cytoskeleton

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9
Q

Major proteins in the nucleus

A

Replication and TF, Ribosomal proteins, histones, and fibrous proteins.

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10
Q

Outer nuclear membrane is contiguous with

A

RER

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11
Q

Constitutive vs facultative chromatin

A

C: remains transcriptionally inactive.

F: Can be decondensed and transcriptionally active, depending on cell type.

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12
Q

The interphase nucleus contains both transcriptionally inactive heterochromatin and also ?

A

Euchromatin

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13
Q

What goes in and out of nucleus

A

In:
DNA polymerase
Proteins made in the cytosol
Ribosomal proteins

Out:

mRNA to be translated
rRNA
ribosomes

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14
Q

Large molecules require a NLS to enter the nucleus such as

A

stretch of several basic amino acids such as Lysine and arginine

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15
Q

RNAs are transported through the NPC as ribonucleoproteins

A

THis requires energy provided by ATP hydrolysis. Nuclear transport proteins bring substances to the nuclear pore and facilitate movement across nuclear membrane and this requires energy provided by GTPase.

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16
Q

What happens in the nucleolus?

A

site of rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly.

-Where rRNA and ribosomal particles come together to form the complete ribosome.

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17
Q

Dense fibrillar region

A

newly transcribed rRNA and ribosomal proteins

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18
Q

Granular component

A

assembly of RNA/ribosomal proteins into ribosomes

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19
Q

Metabolically active phase which may or may not lead to S phase

A

G1

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20
Q

Considered the committed step of of mitosis

A

S

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21
Q

Bulking up and proof reading phase

A

G2

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22
Q

Extended or non dividing phases

A

G0 and G1

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23
Q

Proteins that mediate apoptosis

A

caspases

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24
Q

Caspases begin to

A

digest the DNA as well as cytoplasmic proteins and organelles

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25
Ribosomes can associate with ER membranes if the nascent polypeptide contains?
A signal sequence
26
As many as 11-15 ribosomes can be on one mRNA. This structure is called a?
polyribosome.
27
A free polyribosome with no signal sequence can go to
Mitochondria, Peroxisomes, Nucleus. (No sequence needed)
28
ER bound polyribosomes target the protein to
Golgi , SV, Lysosomes, and protein either becomes part of membrane or secreted from the cell.
29
Functions of the RER
Synthesis Transport Storage Detox
30
What binds to ER signal sequence?
SRP -signal recognition particle and then binds to docking protein.
31
Which proteins have an internal signal sequence?
Proteins that span the lipid bilayer.
32
In the ER...
New proteins move into ER cisternae Mannnose rich oligosaccharides are added to specific asparagine residues (N-linked) Proteins are folded Disulfide bonds are formed between cysteine residues
33
Cis Golgi events
Vesicle movement from RER through golgi network is promoted by COPII Similarly , COPI controls retrograde vesicle movement Mannose 6-phosphate is added to future lysosomal enzymes N linked oligosaccharides are trimmed and other sugars are added
34
Medial golgi events
New glycosylation occurs on -OH groups of some lipids and Serine and threonine residues (O-linked). N-linked oligosaccharides on proteins are modified further. Glycoproteins and glycolipids are sorted into specific vesicles.
35
Trans golgi events
Sialic acid is added as the terminal sugar to certain oligosaccharides Sulfation of tyrosine residues and some sugars Specific vesicles with different destinations are separated and sorted.
36
Where are sugars added ?
ER and modified in the golgi
37
Default from the TGN is the
Plasma membrane
38
Proteins destined for the lysosome contain a recognition site consisting of ?... and delivered by vesicular transport from the TGN.
Phosphorylated mannose ... M6P
39
Material is delivered to the lysosomes in two ways.
1. Vesicular transport by the TGN | 2. By vesicles derived from the PM.
40
3 types of alternative transport pathways to the lysosome ?
Phagocytosis (bulk material-bacteria, cell debris) Endocytosis Autophagy
41
In receptor mediated cytosis, what helps "direct traffic"
Coat proteins
42
What happens to the receptors and ligands in the case of LDL?
Receptor recycles | Ligand degraded
43
What happens to the receptors and ligands in the case of transferrin?
Both receptor and ligand are recycled
44
What happens to the receptors and ligands in the case of EGF?
Both receptor and ligand are degraded
45
What happens to the receptors and ligands in the case of IgA
Both receptor and ligand are transported ("transcytosis")
46
Where are peroxisomal proteins synthesized?
cytoplasm - they are transported into the organelle using a specialized targeting amino acid sequence.
47
One major function of the peroxisomes is?
Oxidation of LCFA, but the energy generated is not used to synthesize ATP
48
Hydrogen peroxide is broken down by?
Catalase
49
Where is the proteasome located?
Cytoplasm and the nucleus
50
Proteins that are destined for destruction are tagged with a 76 AA peptide called ?
Ubiquitin
51
Degradation via the secretory pathway ends up at the
Lysosome
52
Degradation via the cytosol ends up at the
Proteasome
53
All of the MT, AF, and IF are held together by
non-covenant bonds
54
Functions of the cytoskeletal system
``` Pulls chromosomes apart Guides intracellular traffic Supports the PM Swim and crawl (sperm) Muscle contraction Maintains diversity ```
55
Microtubules
Mechanical reinforcement Tracks for motor proteins Chromosomal moment during mitosis Tracks for movement along axons (neurotubules) ** Cilia and Flagella Organized around centrioles or basal bodies. Tubulin is a heterodimer
56
AF
cross linked, anchored to the PM to reinforce the surface of the cell.
57
What supports microvilli?
Actin fillaments -Genetic defects in the actin binding protein, dystrophin cause most of the common forms of muscular dystrophy.
58
Intermediate filaments
strong and flexible.
59
All IF are related to the ? molecule.
Keratin
60
IF link the
PM to the nucleus some reinforce the nuclear envelope
61
Genetic defects in certain IF cases a severe ?
Blistering of the skin, along with other disorders.
62
Inclusions
``` Glycogen Lipids (stores to make hormones on demand when needed because storing hormones would diffuse into the cells when not supposed to because they are lipid soluble). Lipofuscin Hemosiderin Melanin Crystals ```

Block 1 -Test 1, (Biochem) (12 decks)

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