Lecture 1 Flashcards
(67 cards)
What is anatomy?
Anatomy is the structure of living things
What is physiology?
Physiology is the function of living things.
How can anatomy be studied? 5 marks
Inspection Dissection Exploratory surgery Gross anatomy- the appearance Histology- microscopic levels
What are our chordate characteristics? 4m
( the ones only found in an embryo and foetus)
- pharyngeal arches; series of bulges that develop in the throat region
- a tail that extends beyond the anus
- notochod - flexible rod which is only found in embryo’s
- Dorsal- nerve cord , nervous tissue which passes the upper side of the body which eventually persists as the spinal cord.
What are our vertebrate characteristics? 4m
- internal skeleton
- well developed brain and sense organs
- spine
- cranium- protective bony enclosure brain
What are other vertebrates?
Fish, reptiles, birds, mammals
What are our mammalian characteristics? 5m
- nourishing young with milk
- Hair- retains body heat
- endothermy - ability to generate heat through metabolic means
- heterodonty- various types of teeth, rapid digestion
- single lower jaw bone
How many animals are mammals, and what are some examples?
< 0.2% are mammals
Rats horses
Dogs
Monkeys
What are some characteristics of primates? 4m
- 4 upper and 4 lower collarbones
- nails
- forward facing eyes
- thumb movements
What are our hominid characteristics? 3
- large brains
- speech
- Bipedalism ( walking on 2 feet)
What are the different variations in humans?
Give example
Normal variations -
E.g normal kidney, pelvic kidney, horseshoe kidney
Pathological variations
Whats the reference man and women?
Man- 70kg, 22 years old, 2800kcal per day
Female - 58kg intake kcal 2000
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the bodies ability to detect changes and thereby activate mechanisms to oppose it and maintain stable internal conditions.
Give an example of homeostasis?
Physician called Blagden spent 45 mins in a 127 degrees oven with a dog and a beef steak, by the end of it the beef stew was cooked but he and the dog where sweating and this was due to evaporative cooling by homeostasis.
Whats negative feedback?
This is a process whereby the body senses a change and activate mechanisms that negate it or reverse it.
Give a example of how negative feedback works? 5
Blood drains from the upper body creating homeostatic imbalance.
Baroreceptors detect this and respond to this drop in bp.
They send signals to the cardiac centre of brain stem
This accelerates heartbeat and blood pressure returns to normal.
Whats positive feedback?
Physiological change leads to a change in the same direction - e.g childbirth
How does positive feedback occur in childbirth? 4
1) Head of foetus pushes against cervix
2) nerve impulses from cervix are transmitted to the brain
3) Brain stimulates pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin
4) Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and pushes foetus toward the cervix
What is the anatomical position? 4
Arms at the sides
Forearms supinated
Feet flat on the floor
Face and eyes facing forward
Which of the following isn’t a part of the anatomical position?
- feet together
- feet flat on the floor
- forearms supinated
- mouth closed
- arms down to the sides
- Mouth closed
The tarsal region is ______ to the popliteal region.
- medial
- dorsal
- superficial
- distal
- superior
- Distal
What are the 3 anatomical planes and how do they divide the body? 6m
Sagittal plane - this divides the body into left and right
Coronal plane - divides the body into front and back
Axial/ transverse horizontal plane - horizontal plane divides into upper and lower limbs
A _____ line passes through the sternum, umbilicus, and mons pubis.
- medial
- central
- proximal
- midclavicular
- midsagittal
- intertubercular
- Midsagittal
Whats the bodies axial region?
This consists of the head, neck (cervical region) and trunk
