Lecture 1 Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
CNS structures
A
brain
brainstem
spinal cord
2
Q
brain makes up
A
cerebrum + cerebullum
3
Q
brain stem
A
midbrain, medulla, pons
4
Q
PNS parts
A
nerves
nerve roots
nerve endings/receptors
ganglia
5
Q
where are nerves and ganglia located?
A
outside CNS
6
Q
two types of cells
A
neurons and glial cells
7
Q
excitable cells that receive and integrate stimuli
A
neurons
8
Q
carry info in ONE direction
A
neurons
9
Q
chains of neurons are connected by what?
A
synapses
10
Q
what does not replicate?
A
neurons
11
Q
why do neurons not replicate?
A
no centrioles!
12
Q
what are glial cells?
A
support neurons and help them function more efficiently
13
Q
CNS cells
A
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
ependymal
microglia
14
Q
PNS
A
schwann and satellite cells
15
Q
substances formed in the cell body are transported
A
down the axon
16
Q
this contains organelles found in most cells (not centrioles)
A
cell bodiies
17
Q
what are nissl bodies?
A
dark clumps of RER
18
Q
axons
A
processes extending from cell body
19
Q
nerves
A
collectioon of axons bound tg (efferant and afferant)
20
Q
types of neurons
A
unipolar
bipolar
multipolar
21
Q
unipolar neurons
A
have one process from cell body
22
Q
functional of unipolar neurons
A
general sensory (DRG, trigeminal ganglion)
23
Q
bipolar neurons
A
have two processes from cell body
24
Q
function of bipolar neurons
A
special sensory (5 senses)
25
multipolar neurons
has many processes from cell body but only ONE axon
26
function of multipolar neurons
motor (lower motor neurons + autonomic neurons)
27
pain and temp is from what kinda neuron
unipolar neurons
28
collection of axons (nerve fibers)
peripheral nerves
29
what are peripheral nerves made from?
afferant sensory or efferant motor fibers (transmitting info to and from periphery)
30
nerves are covered by what 3 layers of CT
endoneurium (surrounds an individial axon)
perineurium (surrounds a bundle of axons)
epineurium (surrounds the entire nerve)
31
all peripheral nerves are what?
mixed in function
32
surrounds an individial axon
endoneurium
33
surrounds a bundle of axons
perineurium
34
surrounds the entire nerve
epineurium
35
synapse is what?
the contact point between neurons or an effector cell
36
what is the synaptic cleft?
space between nerve ending and next cell
37
synaptic cleft
site where neurotransmitters are released to affect the cell being contacted
38
glial cells
support neurons and help them function more efficiently
39
involved in BBB
CNS glial cells: astrocytes
40
proliferate when damaged (glial scar/gliosis)
CNS glial cells: astrocytes
41
myelinate axons in CNS
| mostly white matter
CNS glial cells: oligodendrocytes
42
line ventricles and central canal
| form lining of choroid plexus secreting CSF
CNS glial cells: ependymal cells
43
immune cell active in phagocytosis
derivedd from monocytes in blood
increased in repsonse to injury
CNS glial cells: microglia
44
PNS glial cells
satellite cells + schwann cells
45
satellite cells surround
surround cell bodies of neurons
46
schwann cells
surround all axons of neurons in PNS
| important in axonal regneration
47
myeline sheaths do what?
increase speed of conduction
48
node of ranvier
myelin free gap between 2 adjacent schwann cells
49
saltatory conduction
the rapid passage of an action potential from node to node
50
trilaminar embryo
formation of 3 germ layers during week 3
ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm
51
ectoderm
epidermis and nervous system
52
medoderm
bone, muscle, CT, blood, lympatics, blood cavities
53
endoderm
lining of the GI, urinary, and respiratory tracts
54
neural ectoderm
neural tube + neural crest
55
neural tube
neurons whose cell bodies are in CNS
56
neural tube has what neurons
upper (CNS) and lower (PNS) motor neurons + preganglionic neurons of ANS (PNS)
57
glia of CNS:
| which loves gliosis?
astrocytes
58
glia of CNS:
| which myelinate axons in CNS?
oligodendrocytes
59
glia of CNS:
| which line ventricles of brain and form secrtory cells of choroid plexus?
ependymal cells
60
which display phagocytic activity?
microglia
61
what is gliosis?
invasion of damaged part of CNS (fills in defects, but impedes regeneration in CNS)
62
neural crest
nuerons whose cell bodies are in PNS
dorsal root ganglia/cranial sensory ganglia/autonomic ganglia
glia of PNS
- satellite cells (surround and support ganglion cells) + schwann cells (myelinate axons in PNS)
63
if the cell body is in CNS then it is derived from the
neural tube
(also includes CNS glia - oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependyma) OAE
64
if the cell body is in the PNS (ganglia) then it is derived from the
neural crest
| also includes PNS glia- schwann and satellite
65
where is brain and cerebullum derived from?
neural tube
66
collection of cell bodies and attached axons
ganglia
67
collection of axon (no cell bodies)
nerves
68
glial cells of PNS:
which surround all axons (form myelin)
schwann
69
glial cells of PNS:
which surround cell bodies in ganglia?
satellite
70
during week 4 of neural tube forms what 3 vesicles?
forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain
71
forebrain
telecephalon (cerebral hemispheres)
becomes thalmus + hypothalmus
72
midbrain
surrounds cerebral aquedect, cerebral peduncles
73
hindbrain
becomes pons and medulla around 4th ventricle and central canal
74
telecephalon fuses w
diencephalon
75
cephalic flexure
neural tube bends between 100 degrees between midbrain and diencephalon
76
neural tube defects are caused by
elevated alpha fetoprotein levels in amniotic fluid and maternal serum
77
spina bidas
neural tube defects associated w caudal neuropore
78
spina bifida occulta
defect in the vertebral arches (10%), most common defect
79
spina bifida cystica
meningocele
meningomyelocele
myeloschis
80
meningocele
meninges project through a vertebral defect forming a sac filled w CSF
81
meningomyelocele
meninges and spinal cord project through defect forming a sac (most common of cysticas)
always leads to neurological defects
82
myeloschisis
open neural tube lying on the surface of back, most severe
83
failure of cranial neuropore
brain tissue exposed, skull fails to form
rudimentally brainstem present, defect results in death
anencephaly
84
meninges herniated into CSF filled sac
meningocele
85
meniges + brain tissue herniated into a sac
meningoencephalolce
86
meniges + brain tissue + ventricles herniated into a sac
meningohydroencphalocele
87
arnold chiari malformation
displacement of caudal cerebellar (tonsils) into foraman magnum associated w hydrocephalsu
