Lecture 1: Atherosclerosis

Question 1

Supply or demand: blood flow

Answer 1

Supply

Question 2

What is oxygen demand?

Answer 2

What oxygen you need

Question 3

Supply or demand: oxygen content

Answer 3

Supply

Question 4

Supply or demand: blood pressure

Answer 4

Demand

Question 5

Supply or demand: ventricular wall tension

Answer 5

Demand

Question 6

Supply or demand: heart rate

Answer 6

Demand

Question 7

Supply or demand: contractile force

Answer 7

Demand

Question 8

Briefly describe the atherosclerotic cascade

Answer 8

1) LDL squeezes through endothelial cells
2) Macrophages squeeze through & become foam cells
3) Cytokines call more macrophages
4) Smooth muscle cells enter foam cells
5) Plaque forms fibrous cap over mass

Question 9

Describe the first step of the atherosclerotic cascade

Answer 9

LDL (bad cholesterol) builds up in the blood & squeezes past endothelial cells

Question 10

Describe the second step of the atherosclerotic cascade

Answer 10

Macrophages squeeze past endothelial cells & eat LDL, becoming foam cells, which stick together

Question 11

Describe the third step of the atherosclerotic cascade

Answer 11

Cytokines (inflammatory cells) call more macrophages

Question 12

Describe the fourth step of the atherosclerotic cascade

Answer 12

Smooth muscle cells enter fatty streak of foam cells, causing them to stick to the arterial wall

Question 13

Describe the fifth step of the atherosclerotic cascade

Answer 13

Plaque forms a fibrous cap with calcium around the mass, making it hard

Question 14

What is ischemia?

Answer 14

Inadequate blood supply resulting in shortage of oxygen & nutrients

Question 15

What are 4 causes of ischemia?

Answer 15

1) Atherosclerosis
2) Emboli
3) Vasospasm
4) Congenital

Question 16

When is pain felt in stable angina?

Answer 16

During exercise, not during rest

Question 17

What type of referred pain is felt in stable angina?

Answer 17

Pain in the left (sometimes right) arm

Question 18

What causes referred pain in stable angina?

Answer 18

Sympathetic nerves from the thoracic spine

Question 19

Why does nausea & vomiting occur in stable angina?

Answer 19

Proximity to vagus nerve

Question 20

What is bradycardia?

Answer 20

Heart rate below 60 bpm

Question 21

What is tachycardia?

Answer 21

Heart rate above 100 bpm

Question 22

Stable angina is caused by a buildup of ______

Answer 22

Adenosine

Question 23

What are 4 modifiable risk factors for heart disease?

Answer 23

• Smoking
• Obesity
• High cholesterol
• High blood pressure

Question 24

What are 3 unmodifiable risk factors for heart disease?

Answer 24

• Male
• Age
• Genetics

Question 25

What is oxygen supply?

Answer 25

What oxygen is reaching tissues/cells