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Forensic Chemistry > Lecture 1 - Basic chemical analysis > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Basic chemical analysis Flashcards

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1
Q

What does a combination of colour tests provide?

A

Presumptive identification of an unknown drug

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2
Q

How can you provide conclusive identification of an unknown drug?

A

GC-MS

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3
Q

What does the Marquis test detect?

A

Opioids, Amphetamine family, alkaloids and magic mushrooms

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4
Q

What does the Ehrlic’s test detect?

A

LSD (Lysergic acid dimethylamide)

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5
Q

What does the Duquenois Levine test detect?

A

THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol)

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6
Q

What does the cobalt thiocyanate test detect?

A

Cocaine

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7
Q

What does the Dilli-Kopany test detect?

A

Barbiturates

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8
Q

What does the Simon test detect?

A

Distinguishes between amphetamine and methamphetamine

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9
Q

What does the Libermann’s test detect?

A

Targets phenol and amine functional groups

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10
Q

What might an unknown drug be if it has a plant matter appearance?

A

Cannabis

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11
Q

What might an unknown drug be if it has a resin appearance?

A

Cannabis or heroin

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12
Q

What might an unknown drug be if it has a Blotting paper or microdot appearance?

A

LSD

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13
Q

What might an unknown drug be if it has a White powder appearance?

A

Heroin or Cocaine

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14
Q

What might an unknown drug be if it has a Tan powder appearance?

A

Heroin or amphetamine

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15
Q

How are colour tests performed?

A
  • A small amnt of the unknown substance placed in a spot plate
  • A small amnt of reagant is added to the substance
  • The immediate colour change is observed and noted down
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16
Q

How is negative control used?

A
  • A small amnt of the test reagant is added to a blank well on the spot plate
  • If no colour change is observed, the substance has negative control
  • If a colour change is observed, contamination has occured
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17
Q

How is positive control used?

A
  • A standard reference material is obtained and added to a spot plate
  • A small amnt of reagant is added
  • The immediate colour change is noted and compared with that of the unknown substance
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18
Q

What is a chromophore?

A

A molecule that absorbs and emits wavelengths of light in the visible region

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19
Q

What are the 3 types of chromophore produced from colour tests?

A
  • Azo dyes
  • Transition metal complex
  • Carbocation
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20
Q

What is the molecular formula for an azo dye?

A

R-N=N-R

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21
Q

What does a transition metal complex consist of?

A

A transition metal (e.g. cobalt) surrounded by other molecules

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22
Q

What can affect the colour of a transitional metal complex?

A

The addition of anionic, cationic and neutral ligands (ammonia groups)

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23
Q

What are carbocations?

A

Positively charged carbons

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24
Q

What is a primary carbocation?

A

A positively charged carbon surrounded by either 3 hydrogens or 2 hydrogens and an organic group

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25
What is a secondary carbocation?
A positively charged carbon surrounded by 1 hydrogen and 2 organic groups
26
What is a tertiary carbocation?
A positively charged carbon surrounded by 3 organic groups
27
Which is the most stable carbocation?
Tertiary carbocation
28
Which is the least stable carbocation?
Primary carbocation
29
What are sigma bonding orbitals associated with?
Sigma electrons (Single bonds)
30
What are Pie bonding orbitals associated with?
Pie electrons (Double or triple bonds)
31
What are n bonding orbitals associated with?
Electrons that are not involved in bonding
32
When electrons are bombarded with light, what happens?
They are excited from the ground state to the excited state
33
How long do excited electrons stay in the excited state?
A short period of time, before they excite back down
34
What happens as the electrons excite back down?
They emit photons of light
35
What is the colour of light emitted dependant on?
The colour of light absorbed and the artist's colour wheel.
36
What is the Marquis reagent a mix of?
2% formaldehyde in sulphuric acid
37
What does the Marquis reagent detect?
It's a general reagent that detects drug families.
38
What does a purple colour change using Marquis indicate?
Morphine or Heroin
39
What does a yellow colour change using Marquis indicate?
Magic mushrooms
40
What does a Orange -> Black colour change using Marquis indicate?
Ecstacy
41
What does a Orange colour change using Marquis indicate?
Methamphetamine
42
What does a Orange -> Red -> Brown colour change using Marquis indicate?
Amphetamine
43
What is a drawback of using the Marquis Reagent?
It cannot distinguish between Methamphetamine and Amphetamine
44
What is the Ehrlic's Test a mix of?
1% p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde dissolved in concentrated HCL in ethylacetate
45
What does the Ehrlic's Test detect?
LSD
46
What type of reaction does the Ehrlic's Test produce?
Condensation reaction
47
What does a positive result for the Ehrlic's Test produce?
A blue/purple carbocation
48
What is the Libermann's test a mix of?
Potassium or Sodium nitrate dissolved in sulphuric acid
49
What are the products of a Libermann's test dependant on?
PH
50
What is produced if the final solution of a Libermann's test is acidic?
A red quinone imine
51
What is produced if the final solution of a Libermann's test is basic?
A blue quinone imine
52
What does the Duquenois Levine test detect?
THC
53
What is the Duquenois Levine test a mix of?
Involves a sequential set of tests: - 2% vanillin & 1% acetaldehyde in ethanol - Concentrated HCL - Chloroform
54
What does the Duquenois Levine test produce?
A purple chromaphore
55
What must be down with the chromophore produced from the Duquenois Levine test?
Extracted into the chloroform layer
56
How can the THC be extracted using the Duquenois Levine test?
THC is non-polar and fat soluble. Chloroform is also non-polar, so the THC can be extracted into it
57
What is unique about the Fast blue BB salt test?
It's the only colour test that produces azo dyes
58
What does the fast blue BB salt test detect?
THC and it's metabolites
59
How does the Fast blue BB salt test work?
The THC is extracted from the cannabis into the chloroform and add the fast blue BB salt
60
What does a red azo dye indicate using the Fast blue BB salt test?
THC is present
61
What does a purple azo dye indicate using the Fast blue BB salt test?
Cannabinol is present
62
What does an orange azo dye indicate using the Fast blue BB salt test?
Cannabidol is present
63
What is the Cobalt Thiocyanate test a mix of?
2% Cobalt thiocyanate dissolved in concentrated HCL
64
What does the Cobalt Thiocyanate test detect?
Cocaine
65
What does the Cobalt Thiocyanate test produce?
A blue coloured ion pair
66
How does the Cobalt Thiocyanate test work?
Cocaine immediately ionises when in contact with HCL forming a cocaine cation. Then reacts with the cobalt thiocyanate to produce a blue coloured ion pair.
67
What does the Dilli-Kopanyi test detect?
Barbituates (sleep inducing drugs)
68
What is the Dilli-Kopanyi test a mix of?
A sequential set of tests: -1% cobalt acetate in methanol -5% isopropylamine in methanol
69
What does the Dilli-Kopanyi test produce?
A violet/blue transition metal complex
70
What does the Simon test detect?
Differentiates between Methamphetamine (secondary amine) and Amphetamine (primary amine)
71
What does the Simon test for methamphetamine consist of?
2% Nitroprusside containing acetaldehyde
72
What does the Simon test for methamphetamine produce?
A Blue Simon-awe complex
73
What does the Simon test for amphetamine consist of?
2% nitroprusside in acetone
74
What does the Simon test for amphetamine produce?
A Purple Simon-awe complex
75
What type of reaction does the simon test involve?
A condensation reaction
76
What does the Ferric chloride test detect?
Alkaloids, phenols and salicylates
77
What does the Dragendorff test detect?
Alkaloids and amines
78
What does the Froehde test detect?
Codeine, opium and LSD
79
What does the Mandelin's test detect?
Steroids, alkaloids and aspirin
80
What is a microcrystalline test used for?
Detects drugs that produce crystals?
81
How is a microcrystalline test carried out?
-Small amount of the unknown drug is placed on a microscope slide. -Few drops of reagent added -Cover slip placed over slide -Viewed under microscope
82
What are the reagents used for a microcrystalline test?
-Gold Chloride -Gold Bromide -Platinum Chloride -Platinum Bromide
83
What microscope is used during a microcrystalline test?
Transmitted light microscope
84
What drug produces sword like crystals?
Cocaine
85
What drug produces plant like crystals?
Amphetamine
86
What drug produces Rectangular crystals?
GHB

Forensic Chemistry (7 decks)

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