Lecture 1 Conception & Fetal development

Question 1

During conception when sperm enters the egg what is produced?

Answer 1

Zygote

Question 2

How long for zygote to be formed?

Answer 2

Hours

Question 3

When the zygote divides it becomes an?

Answer 3

Embryo

Question 4

Inner layer of the egg sperm must penetrate?

Answer 4

Zona pellucida

Question 5

Outer layer of the egg

Answer 5

Corona radiata

Question 6

Where does the embryo travel and implant?

Answer 6

Travels through the oviduct and implants at the endometrium

Question 7

Physical signs of pregnancy?

Answer 7

No menstruation
Morning sickness
Breast enlargement
Increased urination
Dark areolas

Question 8

Germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages of development

Answer 8

Germinal - Travels first two weeks

Embryonic - all organs are being created (VITAL STAGE)
Starts weeks 3-8

Fetal - Period of refinement (9th weeks until birth)

Question 9

What produces hCG until the placenta takes over?

Answer 9

Corpus luteum

Question 10

Purpose of the hormone hCG?

Answer 10

Keeps pregnancy going
Maintains the corpus luteum

Drops at 13 weeks

Question 11

Purpose of estrogen?

Answer 11

Increases blood volume by 50%
Uterine contractility (Aids in labor)
Breast development

Question 12

Purpose of progesterone?

Answer 12

COUNTERACTS estrogen
Relaxes
Maintains the endometrium
Breast development

Question 13

What happens if progesterone drops too low?

Answer 13

Estrogen takes over and can cause uterine contractility at early point in pregnancy causing prematurity or miscarriage.

Question 14

What is cleavage

Answer 14

Cell divides without growth

Question 15

What is morphogenesis?

Answer 15

Shaping of embryo

Question 16

What is differentiation?

Answer 16

Cells taking on specific structure and function. Each cell knows what organ it belongs to and its duties.

Question 17

What is the morula?

Answer 17

Solid mass of cells results from cleavage

Question 18

What is a blastocyte and embryonic disc?

Answer 18

Blastocyte is formed from morula and is a ball of cells

The embryonic disc is inner mass of cells within the blastocyte

Question 19

What is the gastrula?

Answer 19

Three tissues of embryo
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

Question 20

What is the neurula?

Answer 20

Nervous system the develops from the ectoderm

Question 21

Germ Layer of Theory Ectoderm organs targeted?

Answer 21

Skin, epidermis, hair, nails, sweatglands

Nervous system - Brain, spinal cord, ganglia, Nerves

Eyes - Retina, lens, cornea of eye

Inner ear

Lining of nose mouth and anus

Tooth enamel

Question 22

Germ Layer Theory -Mesoderm

Answer 22

All muscles

Dermis of skin

All connective tissue - Bone, cartilage, and blood

Blood vessel

Kidneys

Reproductive organs

Question 23

Germ Layer of Theory - Endoderm

Answer 23

Lining of digestive tract, Gall bladder, urethra

Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs

Pancreas

Liver

Thyroid, parathyroid, thymus glands,

Bladder

Question 24

What takes place during 7th and 8th week fetal development?

Answer 24

7 weeks - Feet, toes, legs

Blood vessels - heart beat this is when pulse helps feed rest of the body

8th week - Human appearnace all organs made no more tail

Question 25

Materal portion of placenta?

Answer 25

Delivers O2 and nutrients through osmosis

Question 26

Fetal portion of placenta?

Answer 26

Waste products

Question 27

Role of arteries in the umbilical cord?

Answer 27

Arteries - Exchanges of gases and nutrients between maternal and fetal blood

Question 28

Role of the vein in the umbilical cord?

Answer 28

Carries blood and oxygen away from the placenta to the fetus

Question 29

What seperates the vein in the umbilical cord?

Answer 29

Wharton's Jelly

Question 30

Normal volume for amniotic fluid?

Answer 30

800-1200ml at term

Question 31

Two types of outcomes for polyhydramnios

Answer 31

May be linked to cerebral palsy Can always lead to premature labor - uterus can expand too much

Question 32

Two types of outcomes for oligohydramnios?

Answer 32

Cord compression Babys head drops

Question 33

Oligohydramnios

Answer 33

Lower than average amniotic fluid The babies kidneys aren't working properly or the placenta Nutrition, organ systems are affected

Question 34

How to care for oligohydramnios?

Answer 34

Bed rest & less movements increase fluid intakes to help produce more fluids

Question 35

Polyhydramnios?

Answer 35

Too much amniotic fluid Seen in GDM If treated early can be reduced by removing some