Lecture 1 - Concepts, defintion, nomenclature, terminology Flashcards
(53 cards)
1
Q
What does Orthodontics mean in greek?
A
- Orthos - “Right, straight”
* Odonto - “Tooth”
2
Q
Orthodontosie was first coined by … ?
What does it mean?
A
- Lefoulon 1839 in Pariss
- Part of dentistry that deals with congenital/accidental deformities of the mouth (specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of dental deformities)
3
Q
What is the aim of Dentofacial Orthopaedics?
A
- Teeth uprighting
- Providing correct Occlusion
- Giving craniofacial structures the guide to grow and develop in a correct relationship, balance and proportion, in 3 planes of space.
4
Q
What is Noyes (1911) definition of orthodontics?
A
” The study of the relation of the teeth to the development of the face and the correction of arrested and perverted development”.
5
Q
What is the British Society of Orthodontist (1922) definition of orthodontics?
A
- Study of growth and development of jaws and face
- The position of the teeth.
- Internal and External influences on the development
- Prevention and correction of arrested and perverted development.
6
Q
What is the American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) definition of orthodontics?
A
- Growth and development of the dentition
- Preventive and corrective procedures
- Repositioning of teeth by functional or mechanical means.
- Establish normal occlusion and pleasing facial contours development
7
Q
What are the 2 types of malocclusion?
A
- Static
* Dynamic
8
Q
What does Static malocclusion mean?
A
- Form, alignment and articulation of teeth within and between dental arches.
- The relationship of teeth to their supporting structures.
9
Q
What does Dynamic malocclusion mean?
A
Function of the stomatognathic system as a whole comprising of: • Teeth • Supporting Structures • Temporomandibular joint • Neuromuscular System
10
Q
Does Orthodontics mainly refer to static or dynamic aspect of malocclusion?
A
Static aspect or the form of the dentition
11
Q
What did Guilford say about what malocclusion is?
A
Any irregularities in occlusion beyond the accepted range of normal category:
• Overcrowded teeth
• Spacing between the teeth
• Improper “bite”
• Disproportion in the size and the alignment
12
Q
What are the objectives of orthodontics?
A
- Creating the best possible interproximal and occlusal relationships
- In a framework of normal function and physiological adaptation, including the need to be integrated into a broader concept of restoration of teething in the case of multidisciplinary treatments.
- Along with acceptable facial and dental aesthetics
- Reasonable stability of occlusal contacts achieved.
13
Q
What does Jackson’s Triad refer to?
What are they?
A
Aims of orthodontic treatment
• Structural Balance
• Esthetic Harmony
• Functional Efficiency
14
Q
What are the branches of orthodontics based on? What are they?
A
Based on Nature and time of intervention. They are: • Preventive Orthodontics • Interceptive Orthodontics • Corrective Orthodontics
15
Q
What is preventive Orthodontics?
A
• Actions done before the onset of malocclusion, so as to prevent the anticipated development of malocclusion.
16
Q
What are the Preventive Orthodontic Procedures?
lecture has photos
A
- Parent education
- Caries Control
- Care of deciduous dentition
- Maintenance of shedding and eruption timetable
- Management of premature loss of deciduous teeth (space maintainers)
- Management of ankylosis of deciduous teeth
- Management of prolonged retention of deciduous teeth.
- Extraction of supernumerary teeth.
- Management of oral habits
- Management of deeply locked first permanent molars
- Treatment of occlusal prematurities
- Management of abnormal frenum attachments
17
Q
What does abnormal frenum attachments cause?
Treatment?
A
- Causes midline diastema
* Tx - Frenectomy
18
Q
What is Interceptive Orthodontics?
A
- Implies that an abnormal situation (malocclusion) already exists when the action is taken to eliminate the cause.
- Certain interceptive procedures are done during the EARLY MANIFESTATION of Malocclusion to lessen its severity and sometimes, to eliminate the cause.
19
Q
What is the difference between Preventive and Interceptive Orthodontics?
A
- Preventive orthodontic procedures are carried out BEFORE manifestation of Malocclusion.
- Interceptive orthodontics aims to intercept a malocclusion that has ALREADY DEVELOPED (or developing, so as to restore a normal occlusion)
20
Q
Are certain orthodontic procedures common to both Preventive and Interceptive Orthodontics?
A
Yes
21
Q
What are the Interceptive Orthodontic Procedures?
lecture has photos
A
- Serial Extraction
- Correction of developing Anterior Crossbite
- Control of abnormal oral habits
- Removal of supernumeraries and ankylosed teeth
- Elimination of bony or tissue barriers to erupting teeth.
22
Q
What is serial extraction?
A
It is the Guidance of occlusion:
• Interceptive Ortho procedure
• Early (mixed) dentition phase
• Planned removal of certain primary and permanent teeth in a planned sequence.
• To relieve crowding in the arches
• To guide the remaining erupting permanent teeth into a more favourable position.
23
Q
What is Corrective Orthodontics?
A
- AFTER manifestation of malocclusion
- Reduce or correct the malocclusion
- Eliminate the possible sequelae of malocclusion
24
Q
Are appliances needed for corrective orthodontics?
If so, why are they needed?
A
Yes
• Removable fixed mechanotherapy
• Functional or orthopedic appliaces
• Some cases, orthognathic/surgical approach
25
What are the types of ortho appliances?
* Removable Orthodontic Appliances
* Fixed orthodontic Appliances
* Functional Appliances
* Orthopedic Appliances/Extraoral Force Appliance
26
What does the success of orthodontic treatments depend on?
* The appropriate selection of the appliances
* The timing of the treatment
* The type of tooth movement and/or skeletal changes desired.
* Age of the patient and other factors
27
What are the characteristics of Removable Orthodontic Appliance?
* Can be removed and fitted back into the mouth by the patient.
* Simple movement of teeth
* Limited range of malocclusion treatments.
* As passive appliances (retainers)
* Can be used in conjunction with fixed mechanotherapy.
28
What are the characteristics of Fixed Orthodontic Appliance?
• Cannot be removed by the patient
• Involves fixation of attachments (brackets) to teeth and application of forces by arch wires.
• Are indicated when multiple tooth movements are required for correction of malocclusion, such as rotations and bodily movement of the teeth.
• Fixed mechanotherapy allows fine finishing and settling of occlusion.
• Fixed ortho techniques:
------ Begg's
------ Edgewise
------ Pre-adjusted Edgewise
------ Straight wire
------ Lingual techniques
29
What are the characteristics of Functional Appliance?
* Myofunctional appliances
* Uses forces of the circumoral musculature for their action to effect the desired changes.
* They act principally by holding mandible away from normal resting position to effect growth modification of the mandible.
30
What are the characteristics of Orthopedic Appliances/Extraoral Force Appliances?
* Use extraoral forces of high magnitude (>400g/side) to bring skeletal changes.
* Intermittent application of such high forces in the growth period aids in correction of skeletal malocclusions by growth modification.
* Orthopedic appliances like functional appliances require good patient compliance for their success - headgears and chin up.
31
When do we have orthodontic intervention (its timing)?
* Deciduous Dentition
* Early Mixed Dentition
* Late Mixed Dentition/ Early Permanent Dentition
32
Ortho treatment during Deciduous Dentition includes mainly:
* Parental education
* Care of deciduous dentition
* Space Maintenance
* Elimination of abnormal oral habits
33
What are the advantages of ortho treatment in early mixed dentition?
* Correction of bite problems by guiding jaw growth and controlling the width of the Up + Low dental arches
* Reduction/elimination of abnormal swallowing/speech problems.
* Growth modification using functional and orthopedic appliances is best done in this period where significant growth is taking place.
* Shortening and simplification of later orthodontic treatment.
* Prevention of later tooth extractions
* Improvements in appearance and self-esteem
* Parental Education
34
When are most corrective orthodontic treatments carried out?
In late mixed dentition or Early permanent dentition stage.
35
What are the benefits of orthodontic treatment?
* Improved confidence
* Well-aligned teeth that are easier to keep clean and healthy
* Ideally positioned teeth, which lessen the chance of gingivitis and advanced gum disease.
* Closed spaces to avoid the need for a bridge or denture
* Better chewing and food digestion
36
What is the classification of malocclusion?
* Intra-arch malocclusions
* Inter-arch malocclusions
* Skeletal Malocclusions
37
What are the types of Intra-arch Malocclusions?
* Inclination of individual tooth
* Displacement of individual tooth
* Rotation of individual tooth
* Transposition of individual tooth
38
What is abnormal inclination?
| What types are there?
```
Condition involved abnormal tilting of crown
Types:
• Buccal inclincation
• Lingual inclination
• Mesial inclination
• Distal inclination
```
39
What is Displacement?
| What types are there?
```
This involves bodily movement of the Crown.
Types:
• Buccal displacement
• Lingual displacement
• Mesial displacement
• Distal Displacement
```
40
What is rotation?
| What types are there?
Movement of a tooth around its long axis
Types:
• Mesiolingual (distolabial) rotation
• Distolingual (mesiolabial) rotation
41
What is transposition?
| What types are there?
Two teeth have exchanged places
Types:
• Supraversion (Tooth erupted beyond the occlusal plane)
• Infraversion ( Tooth failing to meet occlusal plane)
42
What are the types of Inter-arch maloclussions?
* Sagittal Plane Malocclusion
* Vertical Plane Malocclusion
* Transverse Plane Malocclusion
43
What are the types of Sagittal Plane malocclusion?
• pre-normal occlusion
(Sup Anterior teeth behind lower anterior teeth)
• Post-normal occlusions
(Sup Ant teeth in front of lower ant teeth)
44
Who classified malocclusion?
| How did he?
Edward Angle in 1899
| • Based on Molar Relationship (interarch relationship) - anteroposterior relationship of the jaws with each other.
45
What is Class I occlusion?
The mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first permanent molar falls within the groove BETWEEN the mesial and middle cusps of the mandibular first permanent molar.
46
What is Class II occlusion?
The mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first permanent molar falls IN FRONT of the groove between the mesial and middle cusps of the mandibular first permanent molar.
47
What is Class III occlusion?
The mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first permanent molar falls BEHIND the groove between the mesial and middle cusps of the mandibular first permanent molar.
48
What are the types of Vertical Plane malocclusion?
```
• Deep bite/increased overbite
• Openbite
• Anterior open bite
• Posterior open bite
----- Unilateral
----- Bilateral
```
49
What are the types of Transverse Plane malocclusion?
* Crossbite
| * Scissor bite
50
What is the classification for skeletal malocclusions?
* Skeletal malocclusions in sagittal plane
* Skeletal malocclusions in vertical plane
* Skeletal malocclusions in transverse plane
51
What are the types of Skeletal malocclusions in sagittal plane?
* Prognathic jaws
| * Retrognathic jaws
52
What are the types of Skeletal malocclusions in vertical plane?
* Skeletal Deep Bite
| * Skeletal Open Bite
53
What are the types of Skeletal malocclusions in transverse plane?
* Skeletal crossbite
| * Skeletal Scissor Bite
