Lecture 1 - Def. of Physiology & Hierarchical fxn structure of human body Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
Physis
A
Nature
2
Q
Logos
A
Study
3
Q
Anatomy
A
Static image of the body’s architecture
4
Q
What does Human Anatomy mean in Greek?
A
to cut apart
5
Q
What is Physiology?
A
- Study of biological fxn of body parts
- How all the body parts work
6
Q
What does the topics of physiology encompass?
A
- The fxn of specific organ systems
- Focus on cellular & molecular events
7
Q
Principle of physics help explain what?
A
Electrical currents, blood pressure, & the way muscles use bones to cause body movements
8
Q
Anatomy provides what?
A
A static image of the body’s architecture
9
Q
Physiology provides what?
A
Reveals the body’s dynamic nature
10
Q
Physiology are what kind of fxns?
A
Normal fxn
11
Q
Pathophysiology is what?
A
Alterations in disease or injury
12
Q
How is Comparative Physiology beneficial?
A
- Study of human physiology
- Designs new pharmaceutical agents
13
Q
Development of Pharmaceutical Drugs
A
- Basic physiological research (cellular/molecular lvl)
- in vitro -> animal models
- Clinical trials (humans)
14
Q
What is Gross anatomy?
A
Study of the larger structure of the body, visible without microscope
15
Q
What is Microscopic anatomy?
A
Uses a microscope (Cytology, histology)
16
Q
List the Topics of Anatomy
A
- Gross (macroscopic) anatomy
- Regional anatomy
- Systemic anatomy
- Surface anatomy
- Microscopic anatomy
- Developmental anatomy
17
Q
What is Developmental Anatomy?
A
the study of the change in body structures over the course of a lifetime
18
Q
List the Specialized Branches of Anatomy
A
- Pathological anatomy
- Radiographic anatomy
- Molecular biology
19
Q
What is Pathological anatomy?
A
Changes associated with disease
20
Q
What is Radiographic anatomy?
A
internal structures using specialized visualization techniques (x-rays or special scanning devices)
21
Q
What is Molecular biology?
A
study of biological molecules by polymerase chain rxn
22
Q
What are the Levels of Structural Organization?
A
- Chemical lvl
- Cellular lvl
- Tissue lvl
- Organ lvl
- Organ system lvl
- Organismal lvl
23
Q
Function is dependent on what??
A
Structure.
- What a structure can do depends on its specific form
24
Q
What are the 4 primary tissues?
A
- Muscle
- Nerve
- Connective
- Epithelial
25
T or F: Organs may be grouped together by common fxns into systems
True
26
What tissues make up the muscle tissue?
1. Skeletal (striated)
2. Cardiac
3. Smooth
27
What is Skeletal (striated) tissue?
Voluntary muscle & contractions are consciously controlled
28
What is Cardiac tissue?
Myocardial cells are short, branched, and interconnected to form a continuous fabric
29
What is Smooth tissue?
Covers digestive tracts, blood vessels, bronchioles and ducts of urinary & reproductive systems
30
What is Peristalsis?
A wavelike contraction of smooth muscle layers
31
Do Skeletal and Cardiac muscle tissues have striations?
Yes bc of similar contraction mechanisms
32
Skeletal Muscle attaches to what?
Bones at both ends by tendons
33
What are the exceptions to being attached to bones at both ends by tendons that are skeletal muscle?
1. Tongue
2. Superior portion of esophagus
3. Anal sphincter
4. Diaphragm
34
What is a Parallel arrangement and what muscle is associated with this?
Each fiber controlled individually (grade the contraction - precise control of movement)
- Skeletal muscle
35
Cardiac muscle contains what and what do they do?
Intercalated discs that couple cells mechanically & electrically
- Stim. of 1 cell results in stim. of all cells in contraction
36
What are neurons?
responsible for generation & conduction of electrical events
37
What are the components of a neuron?
1. Cell body: nucleus is here & fxns as metabolic center
2. Dendrites: branched cytoplasmic extensions of the cell body that receive input from other neurons or receptor cells
3. Axon: cytoplasmic extensions
38
The Nervous Tissue contains what types of cells?
Neuroglial cells (glial cells)
39
What do neuroglial cells (glial cells) do?
structural support & fxns for normal physiological activity of the nervous system
1. Bind neurons together
2. Modify extracellular environment
3. Influence the nourishments & electrical activity of neurons
40
What are the cell forming membranes of the epithelial tissue?
1. Squamous
2. Cuboidal
3. Columnar
41
Simple epithelia
one layer
42
Stratified epithelia
two or more layers
43
What are Epithelial cells joined together by?
Junctional complexes
44
Another name for Tight junction?
Zonula occludens
45
Another name for Belt Desmosome?
Zonula adherens
46
Another name for desmosome?
Macula adherens
47
What does the basement membrane induce?
Polarity to the cells of the epithelial membranes
48
Top
apical
49
Bottom
basal
50
What is the Basement Membrane?
Layer of proteins & polysaccharides attached to the underlying connective tissue below Epithelial membranes
51
How many subunits is collagen in basement membranes assembled from?
6
52
What are the two syndromes in the Epithelial tissue?
Alport & Goodpasture's syndrome
53
How are the syndromes of the Epithelial Tissue diagnosed?
by exfoliative cytology - microscopic examination
54
What is Alport's syndrome?
genetic disorder of the collagen subunits
55
What does Alport's syndrome result in?
Damage to the kidneys' glomeruli (most common cause of kidney failure)
56
What is Goodpasture's syndrome?
the collagen in the basement membranes of the glomeruli & the lungs is attacked by the person's own antibodies
57
What does Goodpasture's syndrome lead to?
Both kidney & lung disease
58
What are Acinis?
Extensions of myoepithelial cells that contract & squeeze the secretions through the ducts
59
What are the two types of sweat glands?
1. Eccrine
| 2. Apocrine
60
Eccrine
thermoregulation
61
Apocrine
body odor
62
What are the 4 primary types of connective tissues?
1. Connective tissue proper
2. Cartilage
3. Bone
4. Blood
63
What are the three subtypes of the connective tissue proper?
1. Loose connective tissue
2. Dense regular connective tissue
3. Dense irregular connective tissue
64
What is loose connective tissue?
Collagen fibers that are loosely organized in the adipose tissue
65
What are dense regular connective tissues?
Collagen fibers that are densely pack - little room for cells and ground substance: tendons & ligaments
66
Tendons
connect muscle to bone
67
Ligaments
connect bones together at joints
68
What are dense irregular connective tissues?
Collagen fibers not arranged in parallel bundles (tough capsules & sheaths around organs)
69
Another name for Cartilage?
Gristle
70
What type of cells does cartilage contain?
Chondrocytes
71
What are the three concentric layers of the bone?
Osteocytes, Osteoblasts, & Osteoclasts
72
What are Osteocytes?
small, inactive cells
73
What are Osteoblasts?
bone-forming cells - small cuboidal
74
What are Osteoclasts?
bone-removing cells - large cells with multiple nuclei
75
What concentric layer of the bone is derived from the same precursor cells as macrophages?
Osteoclasts
76
What is the largest organ in terms of surface area?
skin
77
What is composed of the Dermis?
Blood vessels, nerve fibers, adipose cells, & WBCs
78
Cell differentiation begins when?
during embryonic development, when the zygote divides to produce the 3 embryonic tissue layers (germs layers)
79
What are the 3 embryonic tissue layers (germ layers)?
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm
80
The 3 embryonic tissue layers give rise to what?
the 4 primary tissues
81
Some other locations of stem cells:
the brain, skeletal muscles, & intestine
82
What do stem cells form?
Keratinocytes
| They migrate to the germinal matrix of the hair follicle and divide to form the hair shaft & root
83
_ _ stimulate the migration of stem cells into the skin to promote healing
Skin wounds
84
What is homeostasis?
Maintenance of internal constancy
| - maintained by mechanisms that act through negative feedback loops
85
What are the 3 interdependent components of homeostasis?
Receptor (sensor), control center (integrating center), & effector
86
Negative feedback
depresses
87
Positive feedback
enhances
88
What does the negative feedback loop require?
Sensor & effector
89
What two systems provide an extrinsic regulation of the systems?
Nervous & Endocrine
90
T or F: Most positive feedback mechanisms are related to the maintenance of homeostasis.
False
91
What is Oxytocin?
hypothalamic hormone that intensifies labor contractions during birth
92
Blood clotting is what type of feedback mechanisms?
Positive
