Lecture 1 Dr. Bergeson

Question 1

What is a Hypothesis?

Answer 1

A Statement of Expected Outcome

Question 2

Define: Genetics

Answer 2

The study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics

Question 3

Define: Transmission Genetics

Answer 3

The transmission of genes from parent to offspring

Question 4

Define: Population Genetics

Answer 4

The study of genetic variation within populations, involves the examination and modeling of changes in the frequencies of genes and alleles in populations over space and time

Question 5

Define: Evolution Genetics

Answer 5

The study of how one genome differs from another genome, the evolution past that gave rise to it, and its current effects

Question 6

Define: Epigenetics

Answer 6

The study of heritable changes in gene expression (Active vs Inactive genes) that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence, such as changes in phenotype without change in genotype, that in turn affect how cells read the genes

Question 7

Mendel’s Law of Equal Segregation:

Answer 7

There are two alleles for each trait, these separate during formation of haploid gametes, and unite at random during fertilization

Question 8

Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment:

Answer 8

During gamete formation, different pairs of alleles segregate independently of each other. Traits on different chromosomes are inherited at random from either parent

Question 9

Extension of Mendelian Genetics: Incomplete Dominance

Answer 9

Both alleles are expressed, to varying degrees, with the phenotype being a complete, uniform, or fine mixture of the expressed alleles

Question 10

Extension of Mendelian Genetics:: Co-Dominance

Answer 10

Both alleles are equally expressed, the phenotype displays no mixing

Question 11

Extension of Mendelian Genetics: Recessive Lethal

Answer 11

Recessive alleles that cause the death of an organism when inherited from both parents

Question 12

Extension of Mendelian Genetics: Multiple Alleles

Answer 12

More than two allele types, such as blood: A, B, O,

Question 13

Extension of Mendelian Genetics: Pleiotropy

Answer 13

Where one gene controls multiple phenotypic traits in an organism

Question 14

Define: Continuous Trait

Answer 14

Where genotype cannot quantitatively predict the phenotypic outcome, such as height

Question 15

Define: Discontinuous Trait

Answer 15

Where the genome can quantitatively predict the phenotypic outcome such as blood type

Question 16

Define: Polygenic Trait

Answer 16

Where a phenotype is influenced by multiple genes, typically display a continuous distribution

Question 17

Define: Multifactoral Trait

Answer 17

Where traits are controlled by multiple factors such as genes and environment

Question 18

Compare Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes: Nucleus

Answer 18

Prokaryote: Absent

Eukaryote Present

Question 19

Compare Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes: Cell Diameter

Answer 19

Prokaryote: 1 to 10 micrometers
Eukaryote: 10 to 100 micrometers

Question 20

Compare Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes: Genome

Answer 20

Prokaryote: Usually 1 circular DNA molecule
Eukaryote: Multiple linear DNA molecules

Question 21

Compare Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes: Amount of DNA

Answer 21

Prokaryote: Relatively small
Eukaryote: Relatively large

Question 22

Compare Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes: Membrane-Bound Organelles

Answer 22

Prokaryote: Absent
Eukaryote: Present

Question 23

Compare Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes: Cytoskeleton

Answer 23

Prokaryote: Absent
Eukaryote: Present

Question 24

Compare Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes: DNA Replication Origin

Answer 24

Prokaryote: 1 replication origin
Eukaryote: Multiple replication origins

Question 25

Compare Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes: DNA Replication Speed

Answer 25

Prokaryote: Fast Eukaryote: Slow

Question 26

Compare Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes: DNA Replication Period

Answer 26

Prokaryote: Any Time Eukaryote: S-Phase

Question 27

Define: Nucleotide

Answer 27

A single molecule of DNA, comprised of a phosphate and deoxyribose sugar backbone and one of four nitrogenous bases

Question 28

Define: Nucleoside

Answer 28

A single molecule of DNA lacking the phosphate backbone

Question 29

Name the four nitrogenous bases:

Answer 29

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

Question 30

Name two differences between RNA and DNA:

Answer 30

Thymine is replaced by Uracil, and the presence of a hydroxyl group on the sugar Ribose

Question 31

Define: Euchromatin

Answer 31

Chromosome material that does not stain strongly except during cell devision. It represents the genes that are involved in transcription

Question 32

Define: Heterochromatin

Answer 32

Chromosome material that does stain strongly at all times, it represents the genes that are dormant or inactivated

Question 33

Define: Epigenetics

Answer 33

A change in phenotype that is heritable, but does not involve DNA mutations, also involves dynamic changes to terminally differentiated cells

Question 34

Define: Epigenetics - DNA Methylation

Answer 34

Modification of DNA by tagging with methyl groups, typically represses transcription

Question 35

Define: Epigenetics - Chromatin Remodeling

Answer 35

The dynamic modification of chromatin architecture to allow regulatory transcription machinery proteins access to condensed genomic DNA