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Genetics Block 1 > Lecture 1 Dr. Bergeson > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Dr. Bergeson Flashcards

Intro to Core II: Genetics

1
Q

What is a Hypothesis?

A

A Statement of Expected Outcome

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2
Q

Define: Genetics

A

The study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics

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3
Q

Define: Transmission Genetics

A

The transmission of genes from parent to offspring

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4
Q

Define: Population Genetics

A

The study of genetic variation within populations, involves the examination and modeling of changes in the frequencies of genes and alleles in populations over space and time

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5
Q

Define: Evolution Genetics

A

The study of how one genome differs from another genome, the evolution past that gave rise to it, and its current effects

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6
Q

Define: Epigenetics

A

The study of heritable changes in gene expression (Active vs Inactive genes) that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence, such as changes in phenotype without change in genotype, that in turn affect how cells read the genes

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7
Q

Mendel’s Law of Equal Segregation:

A

There are two alleles for each trait, these separate during formation of haploid gametes, and unite at random during fertilization

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8
Q

Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment:

A

During gamete formation, different pairs of alleles segregate independently of each other. Traits on different chromosomes are inherited at random from either parent

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9
Q

Extension of Mendelian Genetics: Incomplete Dominance

A

Both alleles are expressed, to varying degrees, with the phenotype being a complete, uniform, or fine mixture of the expressed alleles

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10
Q

Extension of Mendelian Genetics:: Co-Dominance

A

Both alleles are equally expressed, the phenotype displays no mixing

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11
Q

Extension of Mendelian Genetics: Recessive Lethal

A

Recessive alleles that cause the death of an organism when inherited from both parents

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12
Q

Extension of Mendelian Genetics: Multiple Alleles

A

More than two allele types, such as blood: A, B, O,

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13
Q

Extension of Mendelian Genetics: Pleiotropy

A

Where one gene controls multiple phenotypic traits in an organism

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14
Q

Define: Continuous Trait

A

Where genotype cannot quantitatively predict the phenotypic outcome, such as height

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15
Q

Define: Discontinuous Trait

A

Where the genome can quantitatively predict the phenotypic outcome such as blood type

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16
Q

Define: Polygenic Trait

A

Where a phenotype is influenced by multiple genes, typically display a continuous distribution

17
Q

Define: Multifactoral Trait

A

Where traits are controlled by multiple factors such as genes and environment

18
Q

Compare Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes: Nucleus

A

Prokaryote: Absent

Eukaryote Present

19
Q

Compare Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes: Cell Diameter

A

Prokaryote: 1 to 10 micrometers
Eukaryote: 10 to 100 micrometers

20
Q

Compare Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes: Genome

A

Prokaryote: Usually 1 circular DNA molecule
Eukaryote: Multiple linear DNA molecules

21
Q

Compare Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes: Amount of DNA

A

Prokaryote: Relatively small
Eukaryote: Relatively large

22
Q

Compare Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes: Membrane-Bound Organelles

A

Prokaryote: Absent
Eukaryote: Present

23
Q

Compare Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes: Cytoskeleton

A

Prokaryote: Absent
Eukaryote: Present

24
Q

Compare Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes: DNA Replication Origin

A

Prokaryote: 1 replication origin
Eukaryote: Multiple replication origins

25
Q

Compare Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes: DNA Replication Speed

A

Prokaryote: Fast
Eukaryote: Slow

26
Q

Compare Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes: DNA Replication Period

A

Prokaryote: Any Time
Eukaryote: S-Phase

27
Q

Define: Nucleotide

A

A single molecule of DNA, comprised of a phosphate and deoxyribose sugar backbone and one of four nitrogenous bases

28
Q

Define: Nucleoside

A

A single molecule of DNA lacking the phosphate backbone

29
Q

Name the four nitrogenous bases:

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

30
Q

Name two differences between RNA and DNA:

A

Thymine is replaced by Uracil, and the presence of a hydroxyl group on the sugar Ribose

31
Q

Define: Euchromatin

A

Chromosome material that does not stain strongly except during cell devision. It represents the genes that are involved in transcription

32
Q

Define: Heterochromatin

A

Chromosome material that does stain strongly at all times, it represents the genes that are dormant or inactivated

33
Q

Define: Epigenetics

A

A change in phenotype that is heritable, but does not involve DNA mutations, also involves dynamic changes to terminally differentiated cells

34
Q

Define: Epigenetics - DNA Methylation

A

Modification of DNA by tagging with methyl groups, typically represses transcription

35
Q

Define: Epigenetics - Chromatin Remodeling

A

The dynamic modification of chromatin architecture to allow regulatory transcription machinery proteins access to condensed genomic DNA

Genetics Block 1 (6 decks)

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