Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

COT Part I > Lecture 1: Embryology I > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Embryology I Flashcards

1
Q

Mucosa

A

General term for the innermost layer of an organ/tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Endometrium

A

Uterine mucosa layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Decidua

A

Uterine mucosa layer during pregnancy; changes from endometrium due to implantation (basalis, capsularis, parietalis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Stratum functionalis (functional layer)

A

Apical endometrial sublayer that is built up and shed each menstrual cycle. Composed of a simple columnar epithelium and lamina propria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Stratum basalis (basal layer)

A

Basal sublayer of endometrium that is not shed during menstruation. Contains stem cells to regenerate the functional layer and comprised of loose connective tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Lamina propria

A

Loose, spongy connective tissue that lies underneath the epithelium in many mucosae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Tissue categories

A

Epithelia, connective, muscle, neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Epithelia tissue

A

Tissue sheets connected with junctional proteins that have apical and basal polarity. The apical side is often against a space/compartment, the basal side is often against connective tissue or another basal surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Connective tissue

A

Tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues/organs. Always comprised of fluid, fiber, and protein components with varying relative amounts (e.g. blood vs. ligaments)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Cells whose primary function is to exert force on surrounding tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Neurons

A

Electrically active cells that transmit information via electrical impulses or short-range chemical signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ovaries

A

Paired structure, site of oogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ovarian follicle

A

Oocytes develop within growing follicles and are then released during ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ovulation

A

The cyclical release of oocytes, the corona radiata, and the zona pellucida to the abdominal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Fallopian or uterine tubes

A

Structures that pick up the ovulated mass of cells and are the site of fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Uterus

A

Normal implantation site of the blastocyst. Supports the development of the placenta and embryo.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cervix

A

Proximal end of the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Fertilization age

A

Starts counting at the time of fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Menstrual (gestational) age

A

Starts counting at the last menstrual period (~2 weeks prior to fertilization). More clinically useful than fertilization age.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

A serious medical condition where the blastocyst implants outside the normal area in the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Trophoblast

A

Cells that line the outside of the blastocyst and interact with the uterine epithelium for implantation. Develop into definitive placental structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Syncytiotrophoblast

A

Trophoblast cells that fuse into a syncytium and maintain the blood-placental interface. Develop into the placental villi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cytotrophoblast

A

Trophoblast cells that remain undifferentiated beneath the syncytiotrophoblasts and are a source of new cells during development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ovum (egg)

A

A fully mature oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Zygote
A novel diploid cell, formed by the fusion of 2 haploid gametes through meiosis. Features 2 pronuclei and polar bodies.
26
Morula
Cluster of cells generated through isovolumetric mitosis after fertilization but before the blastocyst stage. Named after the mulberry
27
Blastocyst
First clear cell fate distinction during development. Ball of cells with a cavity, the blastocoele, and inner mass. Trophoblasts line the cavity and embryoblasts form the inner cell mass.
28
Embryoblast
Mass of cells within the blastocyst that eventually develops into the definitive fetal structures
29
Decidua basalis
Uterine mucosa directly underlying the implantation site
30
Decidua capsularis
Uterine mucosa that grows back to fix the defect caused by the implantation process
31
Decidua parietalis
The rest of the uterine lining that does not participate in implantation
32
Myometrium
The thick smooth muscle layer of the uterus, between the endo and perimetrium
33
Perimetrium
Connective tissue layer mostly comprised of serosa and some adventitia on the outside of the uterus
34
Bilaminar Germ Disc
Interface between the epiblast and hypoblast sheets. "2-layer" stage of embryonic development, aka week 2
35
Teratogens
Substances that can cross the placental membrane and disrupt embryonic development
36
Embryonic period
Critical development period of organogenesis from week 3 to 8 after fertilization. Increased sensitivity to developing congenital abnormalities.
37
Uterine body
Normal implantation site in the uterus
38
Implantation
Process by which the blastocyst attaches and enzymatically invades into the endometrium in order to receive nourishment from the mother
39
Ampulla
Enlarged region of the uterine tubes where fertilization most often occurs
40
Zona pellucida
ECM surrounding the ovulated oocyte that blocks implantation as the fertilized egg travels through the fallopian tubes. Also restricts cell size as the zygote undergoes mitosis.
41
Fimbriae
Projections at the ends of the uterine tubes that help to pick up an ovulated ovum as the tube sweeps over the ovary
42
Cleavage
Rapid mitosis without cell growth; occurs after fertilization but before implantation and results in the totipotent blastomeres becoming smaller
43
Blastomere
Cell produced by cleavage of the zygote after fertilization
44
Amnion
Second spherical structure that develops during week 2 from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. Defines the epiblast
45
Epiblast
Cell sheet interface between the blastocoele and the amnion. Forms the columnar dorsal layer of the embryoblast.
46
Primary (primitive) yolk sac
Forms from the blastocoele lining, defines the hypoblast sheet where it contacts the epiblast
47
Hypoblast
Forms the cuboidal ventral layer of the embryoblast
48
Extraembryonic mesoderm
Primitive, very fluid, connective tissue that forms between the amnion/yolk sac and trophoblast cells.
49
Secondary yolk sac
Definitive yolk sac that develops late in week 2. Replaces the primary yolk sac
50
Stages of Week 1 embryo development
Day 0: Fertilization 1: Cleavage 2.5: 8-cell, compaction 3: Morula 4: Blastocyst 6: Implantation
51
Carnegie stages
23 stages covering the 1st 8 weeks post-ovulation. Each stage is based on morphological development and associated with the appearance of specific structures
52
Primitive streak
Site of ingression that determines the site of gastrulation and defines left/right, cranial caudal, and dorsal ventral axes.
53
Gastrulation
The stage during which the epiblast is reorganized into the trilaminar germ disc with the 3 primary germ layers
54
Trilaminar germ disc layers
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
55
Placental villi stages
Primary: cytotrophoblast core surrounded by syncytiotrophoblast Secondary: extraembryonic mesoderm core inside trophoblastic cells Tertiary: mesodermal cells differentiate into embryonic blood vessels
56
Bilaminar disc cavities
Extraembryonic (chorionic cavity) contains amnion/amniotic cavity + secondary yolk sac. Chorionic cavity surrounded by extraembryonic mesoderm/trophoblasts.
57
Sinusoids
Intervillous spaces in the placenta. Parental vessels penetrate the trophoblast to fill these spaces with parental blood for nutrient exchange.
58
Amniotic fluid
Fills the amniotic cavity and acts as a physical buffer/temperature regulator for the embryo. Fluid volume is critical for normal development and first comes from amniotic cells/maternal tissues. Later on, the fetus drinks/urinates to maintain volume.
59
Primitive node/pit
Elevated area surrounding a circular depression at the cranial (anterior) end of the primitive streak. Organizer for gastrulation.
60
Gastrulation process
1. Cells delaminate from the epiblast to undergo the EMT. 2. Cells ingress and dive through the primitive streak. 3. Cells first displace the hypoblast to form the definitive endoderm. 4. More cells migrate to form the mesoderm, aka become mesenchymal cells. 5. Remaining epiblast cells become the definitive ectoderm.
61
Oropharyngeal membrane
Region at cranial end of primitive streak where endoderm and ectoderm contact each other. Defines future oral cavity.
62
Cloacal membrane
Region at caudal end of primitive streak where endoderm and ectoderm contact each other. Defines future anal cavity.
63
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
Process during gastrulation where cells transition from epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype in order to form the germ layers as they delaminate from the epiblast.
64
Notochord
The axial mesoderm. Induces formation of the neural plate and other structures
65
Connecting stalk
Future umbilical cord; composed of extraembryonic mesoderm. Crosses chorionic cavity to connect chorionic plate with amnion/yolk sac.
66
Prechordal mesoderm
Region of mesoderm cranial to the notochord that thickens and develops into the head later
67
Primitive streak regression
The primitive streak develops during gastrulation and then regresses around week 4 or 5. Lack of regression (excess proliferation) results in a teratoma. Lack of sufficient cell migration can cause sirenomelia (fused legs)
68
First 8 Carnegie stages
1. Zygote 2. Morula 3. Blastocyst 4. Implantation 5. BLG 6. Primitive streak / gastrulation 7. TLG 8. Notochord (9. Head fold)

COT Part I (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions