Lecture 1: Endocrine Physiology Flashcards by Angela Frantz

Endocrine disorders affect ____ Americans?

1:5, 20%, 65million people

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What are the two major controls of the body?

Endocrine and nervous system

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What type of hormone is insulin?

Peptide

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What type of hormone is glucagon?

Peptide

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What type of hormone is testosterone and cortisol?

Steroid

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What type of hormone is Renin?

Trick question, it is an ENZYME not a hormone

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Name the secretion method of the endocrine system

Upon stimulation, endocrine cells secrete hormones into interstitial fluid which diffuse into capillaries/ the blood stream and will affect target cells with the correct receptor type

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Name the control method of the nervous system

There is a 1 to 1 synapse of nerves on a specific cell type

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Name the message transmission, local or general affects, and what specificity depends on for: synaptic chemical signaling

Message transmission: across synaptic cleft
Affects are: local
Specificity depends on: anatomic location and receptors

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Name the message transmission, local or general affects, and what specificity depends on for: paracrine and autocrine

Message transmission: by diffusion in interstitial fluid
Affects are: local via diffusion
Specificity depends on: receptors

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Name the message transmission, local or general affects, and what specificity depends on for: endocrine

Message transmission: by circulating body fluids (blood)
Affects are: general
Specificity depends on: receptors

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Name the message transmission, local or general affects, and what specificity depends on for: neuro-endocrine

Message transmission: by circulating body fluids
Affects are: general
Specificity depends on: receptors

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What is the definition of a hormone?

Chemical substance released in SMALL quantities from endocrine glands that travels through circulatory system to elicit responses in target cells/tissues

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What are neurohormones?

Hormones released by nerves

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Is CO2 a hormone?

NO! Neither are second messengers (cAMP) or prostaglandins

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What are examples of hormones under control of the neuroendocrine system?

Epinephrine secreted from adrenal medulla
ADH/Oxytocin secreted from Posterior Pituitary
Hypothalamic releasing hormones from Hypothalmus

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What are the hormones released by the Posterior Pituitary?

ADH (Vasopressin) and Oxytocin (OT)

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What is the mnemonic to aid in remembering hormones of the Post Pit?

Audio Osmosis (ADH and Oxytocin)

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What is the abbreviation for Oxytocin?

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What are the main actions of Vasopression/ADH?

Water excretion by the kidney (thus body water) via anti-diuretic,
Vasopressive activity

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What is the chemical nature of vasopression?

Peptide hormone

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What causes the release of vasopression?

Increased plasma osmolarity

Decreased mean arterial pressure

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What causes decreased release of ADH?

Increased water consumption

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What is the major function of OT?

Milk “let down”

Uterine motility

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What is the chemical nature of OT?

Peptide hormone

What increases release of OT?

Nursing Stretch of cervix Orgasm

What are the three general categories of hormones?

Steroids/steroid like hormones Amino acid derivatives Peptides and proteins

Why is it important to know the chemical make up of a hormone?

Aids in knowing its: Administration, storage, receptor location, cellular mechanism of action, transport around body, metabolism, effective time of action

What endocrine gland secretes aldosterone?

Adrenal cortex

What is the major function of aldosterone?

Control Na+ & K+ excretion of kidneys (thus influencing body Na, K, and fluid volume

What increases secretion of aldosterone?

Decreased blood pressure Decreased plasma volume Increased renin Increased Ang II

What decreases secretion of aldosterone?

Increased blood pressure Increased plasma volume Decreased renin Decreased Ang II

What are the main classes of steroid hormone?

Androgens, estrogens, progestagens, mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, steroid-like

Name the common androgens

Testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, weaker androgens

Name the common estrogens

Estradiol-17beta, estrone, estriol

Name the common mineralcorticoids

Aldosterone, deoxycoticosterone

Name the common glucocorticoids

Cortisol, corticosterone

Name the "steroid like" hormones

Vitamin D derivatives: colecalciferol

What are ALL steroid hormones derived from?

Cholesterol

What are the 4 enzymes need to know in steroid hormone synthesis?

5-alpha-reductase Aromatase 11-beta-hydroxylase Cholesterol-side chain cleavage enzyme

What is the function of 5-alpha-reductase?

Conversion of testosterone to dihyrotestosteone

What is the function of aromatase?

Conversion of androgen to estrogen

What is the function of 11-beta-hydroxylase?

Conversion of cotricosterone to cortisol

What is the function of cholesterol-side chain cleavage enzyme?

First step in cholesterol synthesis

What are the amino acid derivatives?

Catecholamines, thyroid hormones, melatonin

What are the thyroid hormones and catecholamines derived from?

Tyrosine

What are the catecholamines?

Norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine (NED)

What are the abbreviations for catecholamines?

NE, Epi, DA

What is another name for dopamine?

Prolactin inhibitory hormone (PIH)

What are the thyroid hormones?

Thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3)

What is the most potent thyroid hormone?

Tri-iodothyronine (T3)

What is the most common thyroid hormone in circulation?

Thyroxine (T4)

What is the "cut-off" for peptides?

MW less than 6,000kDa

What is the cut-off for protein hormone?

MW greater than 6,000kDa

What are the 5 protein hormones produced by Ant. Pit?

Growth hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, lutenizing hormone, thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone)

What are the protein hormones made by placenta?

Chronic gonadotropin, placental lactogen

What are the proteins made by the kidneys?

Erythropoietin and Renin

What are the proteins made by the adipose tissue?

Leptin, and resistin

What is the protein made by bone?

FGF23

What are the pepetide hormones?

Insulin, parathyroid hormone, oxytocin, corticotropin, relaxin, angiotensin II, tymosin, glucagon, calcitonin, vasopressin, melanocyte stimulating hormone, inhibin, atrial natriuretic peptides, GI hormones, hypothalamic releasing hormones: CRH, TRH, GnRH, GHRH, Somatostatin, PRH

What are the types of actions a hormone can cause?

Direct actions Indirect actions Permissive action

What is a direct action of a hormone?

Affects of hormone release can by observed at target tissue

What is the indirect action of a hormone?

Hormone's effects are not readily observed as it may cause effect release of another hormone which causes action

What is Permissive action?

A hormone acts in conjunction with another hormone to increase its effectiveness. Examples of permissive hormones include cortisol and thyroid hormones

Where are the possible locations for hormone receptors?

Intracellular and plasma membrane

What types of hormones use intracellular receptors?

Steroid and thyroid hormones

What types of hormones use plasma membrane receptors?

Peptide hormones, catecholamines, protein hormones

What is the action of activated intracellular receptors?

Increased gene transcriptions

What is the action of activated plasma membrane receptors?

Activation of second messengers

What is the functions of second messengers?

Amplification of signal/hormone | Dispersion of signal around cell

What type of receptor usually has longer lasting effects?

Intracellular receptor

What type of receptor usually triggers shorter term effects?

Plasma membrane receptors

How do hormones travel in blood?

Hormones are either free or bound

What determines whether bound or free?

Solubility in plasma

What from of hormones is recognized by target cells and feedback sensors?

Free hormone

Total concentration of hormone in blood=

Bound+free hormone

Define Circadian (Diurnal) Rhythm of hormone secretion

One major release per day e.g. cortisol

Define Ultradian rhythms

Secretion multiple times per day

Define pulsatile secretion

Type of ultradian rhythm where there are regular pulses at set time intervals

Stimulus induced secretion

hormone release upon stimulus

How is plasma concentration of hormone altered?

Change hormone secretion rate, change amount of hormone binding protein, change rate of hormone degradation

Positive feedback

Endocrine system's response to stimulus reinforces that stimulus

Examples of positive feedback in endocrine system

Stretch of cervix in labor, suckling of baby on "milk let down"

Negative feedback

Endocrine system's response to stimulus negates stimulus

Lecture 1: Endocrine Physiology Flashcards

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