Lecture 1 Exam Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
Chemical Level of the Human Body
A
atoms: basic unit of a chemical
ex: oxygen
2
Q
What are the 4 most common atoms in a person?
A
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
3
Q
Cellular Level of the Human Body
A
smallest unit of life
4
Q
How many cells in average human body?
A
30-40 trillion cells
5
Q
Tissue Level of the Human Body
A
group of cells with a common function
6
Q
4 main tissue types
A
epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle
7
Q
Organ level of the Human Body
A
group of organs working together
-perform major A or P function
8
Q
Organism level of the Human Body
A
YOU
9
Q
What type of chemical bonds are most common?
A
Hydrogen and Covalent bonds are most common, less likely ionic bonds
10
Q
Maintenance of Boundaries
A
separating external and internal environments
11
Q
External environment
A
anything not crossed a body barrier
ex: membrane, skin, blood
keep in: nutrients, water, heat
12
Q
Internal environment
A
anything inside
ECF, plasma, ICF
keep out: pathogens, toxins/chemicals, UV radiation
13
Q
metabolism
A
breaking down nutrients getting those into a cell, building product
14
Q
Catabolism
A
-breakdown
-exergonic (releases energy)
15
Q
Anabolism
A
-building up
-endergonic (requires energy)
16
Q
Movement
A
-macro scale
-micro scale: movement of blood, air, digesta
17
Q
Development and growth
A
-begins at conception: continues until death
18
Q
Development
A
-differentiation of stem cells into body or somatic cells
-repair of cells
-replacement of cells
19
Q
Growth
A
-hyperplasia: increase in number of cells
-hypertrophy: increase in cell size
20
Q
Responsiveness
A
-ability to sense and respond to the environment
External: reflex due to skin burn
Internal: low blood sugar causes breakdown of glycogen
21
Q
Reproduction
A
-continuing of species
-sexual reproduction
➼genetic diversity
22
Q
What should be kept external to the human body?
A
-pathogens, toxins, UV radiation, debris, Nitrogen gas, acids/bases
23
Q
O2 and atmospheric gas
A
-o2 is 21% of atmospheric gas
-true all over surface of gas
-humans most efficient at attaining o2 at sea level
24
Q
Cells use what to create ATP
A
o2
25
Macronutrients
-carbs, lipids, proteins, water
26
Which macronutrients are ATP yielding?
carbs, lipids, proteins
27
Micronutrients
-vitamins, minerals
28
Overconsumption of nutrients leads to:
-obesity
-type 1 diabetes
-cardiovascular disease
29
Malnourishment leads to:
-lack of growth
-structural defects
-disease susceptibility
30
Atmospheric pressure
-atmospheric gases create 'colum' of air that pushes down on our bodies
-at sea level, this column is larger and helps drive air into our lungs
31
Temperature for ambient temps
-humans can only tolerate narrow range
32
Homeostasis
maintenance of internal environment despite changing external environments
33
Internal environments
-ECF (extracellular environment)
-blood pressure
34
External environments
-anything outside of an epithelial wall
➼lumen of GI tract
➼lumen respiratory tract
35
Regulated Physiological Variable
-sensed, monitored, and adjusted constantly
-kept in strict range
➼ ECF
36
Nonregulated Physiological Variable
- cannot be sensed directly and not kept in strict range
-can fluctuate widely
➼heart rate
➼ respiratory rate
37
Negative Feedback
-works to return a variable back to acceptable range
➼ EX: shivering, sweating
38
Positive Feedback
-works to keep a variable outside of its range (for short period time)
➼ EX: pregnancy
39
Positive Feedforward
- powerful and not common
-anticipatory mechanism which blunts physiological disruptions
➼ EX: track runner about to race
40
Effector
-anatomical, physical structure
41
Physiological Response
-what is going to happen due to effects
42
Serous membranes
-specialized membranes surrounding organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
43
Purpose of serous membranes
-surrounds organ, provides protection, and fluid protection
44
Cell membrane
-Fluid Mosaic Model
➼flexible,lots of stuff
45
Purpose of Cell Membrane
-separates ECF from ICF
46
Phospholipids
-forms barrier between two aq solutions
-physiological significance: provides selective permerability
47
Amphipathic nature
capable of interacting w H2O and charged molecules on surface but repel these items should they attempt to enter membrane
48
Cholesterol
-major membrane component
-at most temps, they function to enhance membrane fluidity
-where does this cholesterol come from?
➼ LIVER
➼ and the DIET
49
Glycoprotein
- similar to glycolipids
-glycoproteins have protein component within cell membrane and as carb component extending outward into ECF
50
Proteins
-membranes contain both peripheral and integral membrane proteins
51
Peripheral membrane
loosely bound to outer or inner leaflet of membrane
52
Integral membrane
span both sides of membrane; has an ECF and ICF face
53
Movement across membrane
-must be controlled and regulated for cell survival
-ECF and ICF cannot equilibriate
54
Passive Movement
-no ATP required
-concentration gradient required
55
Simple diffusion molecules
-PASSIVE MOVEMENT
-pass through membrane unaided (no help needed)
- o2, co2, n2
56
Facilitated diffusion molecules
-PASSIVE MOVEMENT
-requires protein channel
➼ large molecules
➼ polar charge
➼ h2o
57
Osmosis/diffusion of h2o
-PASSIVE MOVEMENT
-h2o can move unaided or with help of aquaporin
➼ H2O
58
Active Movement
- ATP required directly or indirectly
59
Primary Active Transport
-use proteins that can hydrolyze ATP
➼pumps
➼Na/K pump
➼ Ca2+ pump
➼ H+ pump
60
Secondary Active Transport
-work of pumps and establishes a gradient
-drags into/out of cell
61
Symport (SAT)
-two or more items at same time or same direction
62
Antiport (SAT)
-two or more items across membrane going in diff directions
63
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
-uses ATP to bend membrane and move items
➼endo: outside to in
➼exo: inside to out
64
Phagocytosis
-digests things that aren't supposed to be there
65
Pinocytosis
-cell drinking (small molecules)
66
Secretion
-getting things out of cell
67
Cytoplasm
-gel like composition; houses and suspends organelles
➼ cytosol: water portion of cytoplasm (ICF)
68
Organelle
Membrane bound structure; carries out specific cell functions
69
Cytoskeleton
-provides structural support
-route of intra-cellular transport
-used during cytokinesis
70
3 types of filaments
-microtubules
-intermediate filaments
-microfilaments
71
Cytoplasm
-organelles and cytosol
-permits diffusion; osmosis
72
Golgi
-flattened membrane-like sacs
-functions to process, sort, or package proteins and lipids
73
Rough ER
-membrane extends from and is continuous w/ nuclear membrane ribosomes on surface functions to process proteins
74
Smooth ER
-lacks ribosomes on surface
-functions to produce lipids, phospholipids and steroid hormones
75
Mitochondria
-ATP production
-Mitochondria size and shape can change
76
Lysome
-digests old cellular components, bacteria
-low ph; 5
77
Nucleus
- houses DNA: stored as chromatin for majority of cell's life
-facilitate Tc and mRNA processing
-contains nucleolus which produces ribosomal subunit B
-surrounded by a double phospholipid bilayer; nuclear pores provide exit/entry routes
78
Tissues
-groups of cells working together to accomplish common goal
79
Embryonic Development of Tissues
-First 8 weeks past conception, after this; embryo is fetus
80
Gastrulation
-embryo transforms from simple layer of cells into multi-layered structure
81
Ectoderm
- gives rise to epidermis, skin appendages, nervous system, pituitary
82
Mesoderm
- gives rise to CT: most bones and muscle
83
Endoderm
- gives rise to: lining of GI tract. lining of respiratory tract, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, lungs
84
Epithelial Tissue Main Functions
-covering and lining:
➼outer barrier
➼ protecting
➼ glandular:
➼exocrine
➼endocrine
85
Locations of Epithelial Tissue
-epidermis
- lining of GI tract, lining of resp. tract
-forming exocrine/endocrine glands
86
Connective Tissue Main Functions
- Support and Framework:
➼cartilage, bone, collagen
-Connect nutrients with cells
➼blood, adipose
87
Locations of Connective Tissue
- Dermis and hypodermis
-skeleton
-varied
88
Muscle Tissue (Smooth) Function
89
Muscle Tissue (Cardiac) Function
90
Muscle Tissue (Skeletal) Function
91
Location of Smooth Muscle Function
92
Location of Cardiac Muscle
93
Location of Skeletal Muscle
94
Nervous Tissue Functions
-sensation: input
-integration: brain, spinal cord
-activation: motor output
95
Nervous Tissue Locations
- CNS: Brain and Spinal Cord
- PNS- all other neurons
96
Integumentary
-SKIN
-one of the largest and heaviest organ systems
97
What does Integumentary system house?
- Houses; variety of cells: keratinocytes, fibroblasts, adipocytes
➼skin appendages: follicles, glands
➼ vessels: blood, lymph
98
What does Integumentary system produce?
-structural proteins: keratin
- lipids: surface
- antimicrobial compounds
- sweat: eccrine, apocrine
- sebum
-hormones: vit-D
99
Integumentary system contribution to homeostasis
- thermoregulation: evaporative cooling, shunt? blood, adipose
- blood calcium maintenance: keep blood Ca2+ within st. range
100
Common cells of integumentary system
- keratinocytes: 90% of epidermis
- fibroblasts: main cell dermis
- adipocyte: main cell hypodermis
101
Function of Epidermis
- Protection: abrasion/cuts, UV radiation, pathogens
- Desiccation: loss of body water ➼ insensible water loss
102
Structure of Epidermis
- made of 4-5 strata (layers of cells)
-constantly renews itself
- avascular: NO VESSELS (blood or lymph)
- most cells are keratinocyte
- others are: stem cells, melanocytes, langevans, merkels
103
Dermis
-resides below or deep to epidermis
104
Function of dermis
-provides support and nutrients to epidermis
- houses skin appendages
- highly vascularized (lots of blood flow)
➼the blood vessels feed the dermis
105
Structure of Dermis
-papillary layer: loose aveolar, CT
➼protects superficially to form dermal papillae
➼ only accounts for about 10% of dermal thickness
➼ contains numerous capillaries
-reticular layer: dense irregular CT
➼spans distance below papillary layer and hypodermis
➼ contains larger vessels
➼ numerous sensory neuron endings (nociceptors: pain)
➼ most skin appendages found here
106
Hypodermis
resides below or deep to dermis
107
Function of Hypodermis
- protection: cushioning
- nutrient reservoir: most ATP from fat, dehydrated
- thermoregulation
108
Structure of Hypodermis
- loose aveolar CT w/ adipocytes
➼ WAT: white adipose tissue; stores triglycovides? lipid droplets
➼ BAT: brown adipose tissue; thermogenic
109
Distribution of Hypodermis
- always found between dermis and underlying structures such as bone or muscle
- amount reflects nutritional plane (calorie intake) and sexual characteristics
110
Skeletal System Functions (Structural)
- support against gravity
- attachment site for tendons and ligaments
- protect delicate viserca
111
Skeletal System Functions ( Homeostatic Contributions)
- mineral reservoir: Ca2+ especially important
‣ Ca2+ can be removed or deposited (takes time)
‣ short term is through kidneys
-blood cell production
‣ RBCs, WBCs, platelets
- fat storage
112
Red Blood Cells
- aka erythrocytes
113
Long bones
- appendicular skeleton
‣ important for locomotion
‣ larger marrow cavity
114
Short bones
- appendicular skeleton
‣ important for stability during locomotion
115
Flat bones
- axial skeleton
‣ thin and often curved
‣ important for protecting delicate viscera
116
Sesamoid
-appendicular skeleton
‣ partially or embedded in tendon
‣ protect tendon from injury (reduces friction)
‣ many sesamoids exist
117
Irregular
- axial skeleton
‣ shape hard to define
‣ often protect delicate viscera and provide support
