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Microbiology > Lecture 1: Exploring the Microbial World/Introduction > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Exploring the Microbial World/Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

microorganisms typically live in ___, and their activities are regulated by interactions with each other, with their environments, and with other microorganisms, who they are, how they work, and what they do

A

complex microbial communities

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2
Q

plants and animals are immersed in a world of microbes, and their evolution and survival are heavily influenced by ___,___, and by ___

A
  • microbial activities
  • microbial symbioses
  • pathogens
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3
Q

microbiology was born of the ___, and ___ is foundational to microbiology

A
  • microscope
  • Microscopy
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4
Q

a collection of cells that have been grown in or on a nutrient medium

A

microbial culture

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5
Q

a liquid or solid nutrient mixture that contains all of the nutrients required for a microorganism to grow

A

medium (plural: media)

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6
Q

refer to the increase in cell number as a result of cell division

A

growth

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7
Q

Etymology of microbiology

A
  • mikros (small)
  • bios (life)
  • logos (science)
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8
Q

microorganisms can be

A
  • eukaryotic
  • archaeal
  • bacterial
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9
Q
  • lack membrane-bound nucleus
  • the replication occurs in the cytoplasm
A

prokaryotes

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10
Q

bacteria have ___ in their cell wall

A

peptidoglycan

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11
Q

can be seen with the naked eye (100um-1m)

A
  • human egg
  • frog egg
  • chicken egg
  • ostrich egg
  • adult female
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12
Q

can be seen in a light compound microscope (100nm-1mm)

A
  • flu virus (100nm)
  • mitochondria (1um)
  • bacteria (1um)
  • animal cell (10-100um)
  • plant cell (10-100um)
  • human egg (100um-1mm)
  • frog egg
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13
Q

can be seen in an electron microscope (0.1mm-10um)

A
  • atom (0.1nm)
  • lipids
  • protein
  • flu virus
  • mitochondria
  • bacteria
    -animal cell
  • plant cell
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14
Q

microbiology can be highly interdisciplinary

A
  • molecular biology
  • biochem
  • ecology
  • chemistry
  • computer science
  • engineering
  • geology
  • genetics
  • physiology
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15
Q

themes in microbiology and its field

A

basic: by organism, by process, disease-related

applied: disease-related, environmentally related, industrial

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16
Q

two major areas in the field of microbiology

A
  • basic microbiology
  • applied microbiology
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17
Q

where the fundamental nature and properties of microorganisms are studied

A

basic microbiology

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18
Q

where information learned from basic microbiology is employed to control and use microorganisms in beneficial ways

A

applied microbiology

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19
Q

how microorganisms help us

A
  • keep us healthy (fight disease-causing microbes)
  • makes air breathable (photosynthetic microbes)
  • provides new sources of medicine (chemicals found in microbes)
  • helps us digest food
  • keeps our environment clean
  • support and protect crops
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20
Q

nitrogen-fixing bacteria and free-living nitrogen fixers

A
  • rhizobium
  • bradyrhizobium

free-living:
- azotobacter
- clostridium

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21
Q

utilizes organisms to extract valuable metals, like copper from ores and mineral deposits

A

microbial mining, bioming, or bioleaching

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22
Q

impact of microorganisms on agriculture

A
  • converting N2 into forms that plants can use for growth (ammonia NH3 or nitrate NO3-)
  • maintaining soil fertility
  • agricultural productivity
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23
Q

impact of microorganisms on energy/environment

A
  • biofuel
  • fermentation
  • bioremediation
  • microbial mining
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24
Q

microorganism that helps in microbial mining

A

Thiobacillus feroxidans

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25
Q

used a primitive microscope to observe rice water, pepper infusions, saliva, and feces (see minute, moving objects which he called “____”)

A
  • Anton van Leewenhoek
  • animalcules
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26
Q
  • discovered bacteria in 1776 where he made drawings and reported his observations to the _____
  • he makes lenses
  • income-generating work: tailor
  • father of microbiology
A
  • Anton van Leewenhoek
  • Royal Society of London
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27
Q
  • described the ____ in 1665
  • 1st person to describe microorganisms
A
  • Robert Hooke
  • fruiting structures of molds
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28
Q
  • father of bacteriology
  • trained as a botanist
  • founded the field of bacteriology and discovered ___
  • credited for the use of _____ for closing flasks and tubes (simple method for preventing contamination of sterile culture media)
A
  • Ferdinand Cohn
  • bacterial endospores of Bacillus (Bacillus bactilis- endospore-bearing bacteria; pathogenic)
  • cotton
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29
Q

two schools of thought on the origins of microorganisms

A
  • abiogenesis
  • biogenesis
30
Q

– life arose from the non-living
eg. Concept of ___
- started by the __
- __ (1745) - a staunch supporter of the aforementioned concept

A
  • Abiogenesis
  • Spontaneous Generation
  • Greeks
  • John Needham
31
Q

performed an experiment by boiling chicken broth, placing it in a sterile flask, and then sealing the flask. After a few days, he observed microorganism growth in the flask. What was the major flaw of his experiment?

A
  • John Needham
  • His procedure. Not enough heat to kill microorganisms
32
Q

life arose from life (living parents)

A

Biogenesis

33
Q

All carried out experiments that refuted spontaneous generation

A
  • Francesco Redi
  • Lazzaro Spallanzani
  • Louis Pasteur
  • John Tyndall
34
Q

▪ French chemist
▪ disprove the theory of spontaneous generation using his ______________ which was heated to eliminate contamination
▪ ____________ –process of killing all the bacteria or microorganisms in or on objects.

A
  • Louis Pasteur
  • swan-neck flask or pasteur flask
  • sterilization
35
Q

occurs when grape juice is allowed to stand and through a series of biochemical changes, alcohol and other
substances are produced from grape sugar.

A

fermentation

36
Q

technology to sterilize meals (135 degrees Celsius)

A

Ultra-high temperature processing (UHT)

37
Q

technology to sterilize meals (121 degrees Celsius)

A

autoclave

38
Q

– German physician
- development of methods for the study of bacteria in pure culture

A

Robert Koch

39
Q

criteria to prove a specific microbe causes a particular disease

A

Koch Postulates

40
Q

The test of Koch’s postulate is his discovery of the causative agent of ___________ (1881)

A

tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)

41
Q

Pure Culture—that is, a culture containing a

A

single kind (species) of microorganism

42
Q

Lister introduced __, a patient could undergo a procedure successfully only to die from a postoperative infection known as ‘__’…He chose dressings soaked with __ to cover the wound and the rate of infection was vastly reduced. Lister then experimented with __, __, and spraying __ in the theatre while operating, in order to limit infection. His lowered infection rate was very good and Listerian principles were adopted throughout many countries by a number of surgeons. Lister is now known as the ‘__’.”

A
  • sterile surgery
  • ward fever
  • carbolic acid (phenol)
  • hand-washing, sterilizing instrument, carbolic acid
  • father of antiseptic surgery
43
Q

-English surgeon
-development of the concept of aseptic technique

A

Joseph Lister

44
Q

Robert Koch also discovered the positive agent of Anthrax, a serious infectious disease caused by gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria known as ___

A

Bacillus anthracis

45
Q

What are the Koch Postulates?

A
  1. A specific microorganism should be always associated with a given disease.
  2. The microorganism should be isolated and grown in pure culture in the laboratory.
  3. The pure culture of the microorganism should produce the disease when introduced into a susceptible host.
  4. It is possible to recover (reisolate) the injected microorganism from the experimentally infected host.
46
Q

Prominent people under the ‘historical roots of microbiology’

A

A. Linked to the discovery of the microscope
- Robert Hooke
- Anton van Leewenhoek
- Ferdinand Cohn
B. Pure cultures
- Louis Pasteur
- Robert Koch
- Joseph Lister

47
Q
  • Dutch botanist (1851-1931)
  • developed the principles of enrichment culture, which allowed a better understanding of the role of microorganisms in natural processes.
  • concept of a virus (using selective filter techniques in
    his studies of tobacco mosaic virus)
A

Martinus Beijerinck

48
Q

a procedure that greatly improves the possibility of isolating special kinds of microorganisms from soil and water (nutrient and incubation requirements)

give examples

A

Enrichment culture
e.g.
- aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria
- sulfate-reducing and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria
- green algae

49
Q
  • Russian microbiologist (1856-1953)
  • made fundamental observations on the role of microorganisms in performing __ involving sulfur, iron, and their compounds
  • first to describe the process of chemolithotropy
A
  • Sergei Winogradsky
  • biogeochemical transformations
50
Q

chemolithotropy is the oxidation of __ linked to energy conservation

A

inorganic compounds

51
Q

what is chemolithotropy?

A

describes the energy metabolism of bacteria that can, in the absence of light, use the oxidation of inorganic substances as a source of energy for cell biosynthesis and maintenance

52
Q

The genus __ was recognized in 1901 by Dutch microbiologist, botanist and founder of enrichment culture technique __ and his co-workers as the first aerobic __.

A
  • Azotobacter
  • Beijerinck
  • free-living nitrogen fixer
53
Q

Explain how agar was discovered

A

It was in 1882 that Angelina Fannie Hesse learned about agar-agar as a child from a neighbor who had emigrated from Java. In warmer climates, it was used as a gelling agent, and Hesse often made jellies and puddings in warm weather without a problem. When Hesse told her husband, he immediately reported this idea to Koch.

54
Q

Agar is a __ derived from __ and proved to be a __. Agar has remarkable physical properties: it melts when heated to around __, and yet when cooled doesn’t gel until __. Agar is also __ than gelatin and it resists __ by bacterial enzymes. The use of agar allows the creation of a medium that can be inoculated at __ in its cooled molten state and yet incubated at __ without melting.

A
  • polysaccharide
  • red seaweeds
  • superior gelling agent
  • 85oC
  • 34-42oC
  • clearer
  • digestion
  • 40oC
  • 60oC
55
Q
  • military physician
  • assistant to R. Koch in the Imperial Health Office (Berlin) in the 1880’s
  • developed Petri dish from suggestion of a co-worker (Fanny Hesse who discovered agar for solid media)
A

Julius Richard Petri

56
Q

red algae species used in commercial agar production

A

Gelidium and Gracilaria (division Rhodophyta)

57
Q

Prominent people under ‘ development in nonmedical microbiology’

A
  • Martinus Beijerinck
  • Sergei Winogradsky
  • Angelina Fannie Hesse (wife of Walther Hesse)
  • Julius Richard Petri
58
Q

Some landmarks in microbiology in the past 65 years:

A

A. Early Days: discovery, Medical and General Microbiology
1687 van Leewenhoek
1864 Pasteur
1895 Koch, Winogradsky

B. Era of Molecular Biology/General Microbiology
1941 DNA is genetic material
1944 Streptomycin
1946 Bacterial Genetics
1953 Structure of DNA
1966 Genetic code
1977 1. DNA sequencing
2. Discovery of Archaea
1985 PCR

C. Molecular Microbiology, Genomics and Proteomics
1986 Molecular microbial ecology
1987 First genome
1995 Over 500 genomes

59
Q
  • were observed to inhibit microbial growth
  • dyes that are used for staining the bacteria

Give examples

A

Aniline dyes
examples:
- crystal violet
- eosin
- methylene blue
- safranin
- basic fuchsin

60
Q

all medications used to target bacteria, viruses, parasites, funguses, and other microorganisms that can cause infections in your body.

A

antimicrobial chemotherapy

61
Q

Who discovered salvarsan in 1908?
What is salvarsan?

A
  • Paul Ehrlich
  • Arsenic compound that inhibited syphilis (a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that can cause serious health problems without treatment)
62
Q

Who discovered penicillin in 1928? (commercially available in 1939)

A

Alexander Fleming

63
Q

How did Alexander Fleming discover penicillin?

A

In 1928 Dr Alexander Fleming returned from a holiday to find mould growing on a Petri dish of Staphylococcus bacteria. He noticed the mould seemed to be preventing the bacteria around it from growing. He soon identified that the mould (penicillium chrysogenum) produced a self-defence chemical that could kill bacteria.

64
Q

Protonsil was the first sultra-drug by __ (1935) also the first drug to be used commercially

A

Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk

65
Q
  • discovered in 1944 soon after penicillin was introduced into medicine (second antibiotic)
  • who discovered it?
A
  • Streptomycin
  • Selman Waksman and Albert Schatz
66
Q

Genomics - the study of the total set of __ and
__ of the genes of different organisms.

A

DNA; comparative analysis

67
Q

Proteomics -the study of total set of __ (__) in cells

A

proteins; protein expression

68
Q

Metabolomics – study of the total set of __ in a cell or tissue or organism

A

metabolites

69
Q

Transcriptomics – study of total set of __ in a cell, tissue, or organism

A

RNA’s

70
Q

Metagenomics -study of entire genetic material recovered directly from an __

A

environmental sample

Microbiology (5 decks)

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