Lecture 1 General Anatomy And Physiology

Question 1

What is anatomy

Answer 1

Structures of the body

Question 2

What is physiology

Answer 2

Functions of the body

Question 3

What is systemic anatomy

Answer 3

Groups of organs working together

Question 4

What is histology

Answer 4

Tissues and their structures

Question 5

What is cytology

Answer 5

Cells and their structures

Question 6

What is cell physiology

Answer 6

Processes within and between cells

Question 7

What is special physiology

Answer 7

Functions of specific organs

Question 8

What is systemic physiology

Answer 8

Functions of organ systems

Question 9

What is pathophysiology

Answer 9

Effects of diseases

Question 10

What are the levels of organization

Answer 10

Chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system

Question 11

What is homeostasis

Answer 11

Process of maintaining a stable internal environment within the body

• normal range rather than fixed level
• failure to be in normal range leads to diseases

Question 12

Intrinsic regulation

Answer 12

Automatic response in cell, tissue or organ

Question 13

Parts of regulatory mechanism

Answer 13

Receptor: received stimulus
Center: processes the signal, sends instructions
Effector: carries out instructions

Question 14

What is negative feedback

Answer 14

The response of the effector REVERSES the stimulus

Question 15

What is positive feedback

Answer 15

The response of the effector REINFORCES the stimulus

Question 16

What are the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants

Answer 16

Right upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Left lower quadrant

Question 17

What are the 9 adominolelvic regions

Answer 17

Right hypochondriac region
Right lumbar region
Right inguinal region
Left hypochondriac region
Left lumbar region
Left inguinal region
Middle
Epigastric region
Umbillical region
Hypogastric (pubic) region

Question 18

What is the sagittal plane

Answer 18

Divides body into left and right portions

Question 19

What is the frontal plane

Answer 19

Divides the body into anterior and exterior portions

Question 20

What is the transverse plane

Answer 20

Divides the body into superior and inferior portions

Question 21

What do serous membranes consist of

Answer 21

Parietal layer and visceral layer

Question 22

What are the types of cells

Answer 22

Somatic cells

Sex cells

Question 23

Structure of cell membrane

Answer 23

55% proteins
42% lipids
3% carbohydrates

Question 24

Cytoskeleton

Answer 24

Gives the cytoplasm strength & flexibility 
Components
- microfilaments
- intermediate filaments
- thick filaments (only in muscle cells)
- microtubules

Question 25

Microfilaments

Answer 25

(<6nm) - Anchor the cytoskeleton to integral membrane proteins - support microvilli - interact with thick filaments (myosin) to produce cellular movement

Question 26

Intermediate filaments

Answer 26

(7-11nm) - strengthen cell and maintain shape - no role in cell movement

Question 27

Thick filaments

Answer 27

(15nm) - only in muscle cells - interact with actin filaments to produce muscle contraction

Question 28

Microtubules

Answer 28

(25nm) - composed of tubulin protein - provides strength, rigidity; anchor organelles - alter shape - moves vesicles/organelles

Question 29

Microvilli

Answer 29

Short finger-like projections Increase cell area Attaches to cytoskeleton Contains bundles of cytoskeleton

Question 30

Cilia

Answer 30

Long slender extensions Contains microtubules Moves fluids across cell surface

Question 31

What are the nonmembraneous organelles

Answer 31

``` Cytoskeleton Microvilli Centrioles Cilia Ribosomes Proteasomes ```

Question 32

What are the membraneous organelles

Answer 32

``` Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Peroxisomes Mitochondria ```

Question 33

Function of mitochondria

Answer 33

Generates ATP

Question 34

Energy production in the cell

Answer 34

By glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (Krebs cycle)

Question 35

Isotonic solution (donut shape)

Answer 35

Has equal number of solutes Doesnt cause flow of water in or out of cell Doesnt gain or lose water

Question 36

Hypotonic solution (ball shape)

Answer 36

Has less solutes Loses water through osmosis Gains water Swells

Question 37

Hypertonic solution (exploding shape)

Answer 37

More solutes Gains water by osmosis Loses water Shrinks

Question 38

What is osmosis

Answer 38

More solute molecules and lower concentration of water molecules Membrane must be: - freely permeable to water - Not permeable to solutes

Question 39

3 catergories of transport

Answer 39

1) diffusion 2) carrier-mediated transport (passive or active) 3) vesicular transport (active)

Question 40

What is carrier-mediated transport

Answer 40

Transport of ions and organic substances across cell membrane binding to integral proteins

Question 41

Types of carrier-mediated transport

Answer 41

``` Facilitated diffusion (passive) Active transport (active) Secondary active transport (active) ```

Question 42

Endocytosis

Answer 42

``` A substance gains entry into a cell 3 categories 1) phagocytosis 2) pinocytosis 3) receptor-mediated endocytosis ```

Question 43

Mitosis to start it needs

Answer 43

Loosely coiled chromatin network changes into tightly coiled chromosomes

Question 44

3 stages of mitosis division

Answer 44

1) DNA replication 2) mitosis 3) cytokinesis

Question 45

Stages of mitosis (PMAT)

Answer 45

``` Prophase 36mins - centriole moves to cell pole Metaphase 3mins - chromosomes align in center plane Anaphase 3mins - microtubules pull chromosomes apart Telophase 18mins - nuclear envelopes reform ```

Question 46

Cytokinesis

Answer 46

- cytoplasm divides | - membrane closes

Question 47

Cell division & tumors

Answer 47

``` Tumor (neoplasm) -benign tumor: localized, nonlive threat - malignant tumor: invasive, may spread, can be fatal Oncogenes - mutated genes that cause tumors ```

Question 48

Tissues are

Answer 48

Collections of cells and cell products that preform specific, limited functions Histology: study of tissues