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haematology > lecture 1- haemopoiesis > Flashcards

lecture 1- haemopoiesis Flashcards

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1
Q

define haematology

A

study of blood

diagnosis and monitoring of diseases of blood and blood forming organs

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2
Q

what is an FBC

A

full blood count

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3
Q

state the 4 measured parameters

A

RBC count

WBC count

platelets

MCV (mean cell volume)

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4
Q

state the calculated parameters

A

HCT (haematocrit) or PCV (packed cell volume)

MCH (mean cell Hb)

MCHC (mean cell Hb concentration)

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5
Q

state the other blood tests available

A

blood films

ESR- erythrocyte sedimentation rate

plasma viscosity

coagulation screening

haemoglobin variant detection

molecular testing

point of care testing

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6
Q

state the 4 haematinic assays

A

iron

ferritin

B12

folic acid

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7
Q

define haemopoiesis

A

process by which cellular elements of blood are formed

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8
Q

what are the 3 main components of the blood, briefly state their functions too

A

red blood cells- carry oxygen

white blood cells- prevention and recovery from disease

platelets- function in blood clotting

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9
Q

what is the structure and function of red blood cells

A

most numerous cell type

bi-concave disc

contain haemoglobin

carry oxygen from lungs and tissue

transport carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs

survival- 110-120 days

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10
Q

how many types of white blood cells in blood

name them all

A

5

lymphocytes

monocytes

neutrophils

basophils

eosinophils

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11
Q

what are the 3 types of granulocytes and why are they named this

A

neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils

contain granules in their cytoplasm

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12
Q

describe structure/function of a neutrophil

A

fight against bacterial infection
pus cells
phagocytic

7 hour half life in circulation

3 lobes
fine faint granules
pus cells

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13
Q

describe structure/function of an eosinophil

A

2 lobes
coarse orange granules

release histamine in allergic reactions
regulate hypersensitivity reactions
effector cells for Ab dependent damage to parasites

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14
Q

describe structure/function of a basophil

A

2 lobes
dark coarse azurophillic granules containing enzymes

moderate inflammatory responses
release heparin and proteases

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15
Q

describe structure/function of a lymphocyte

A

fight viral infection
produce antibodies
circulate between blood and lymphatic system
variable life span- few hours to 4/5 years in circulation

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16
Q

describe structure/function of a monocyte

A

fight bacterial infection
phagocytose bacteria and cells coated with antibodies
precursors of tissue macrophages
lifespan 70 hours

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17
Q

state structure/function of platelets

A

2nd most numerous cell type in blood
small discoid structures
lifespan 7-10 days in circulation
important in blood clotting (haemostasis)
form plug at site of injury (primary haemostasis)
initiate secondary haemostasis

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18
Q 
where is the site of haemopoiesis in a:
2 week embryo
12-16 week embyo
at birth
adult
A

2 week embryo- yolk sac
12-16 week embryo- liver and spleen
birth- bone marrow (all bones)
adult- proximal ends of bones, flat bones (e.g. sternum), pelvis, vertebrae

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19
Q

what is the difference between red and yellow marrow

A

red marrow- active

yellow marrow- inactive

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20
Q

haemopoiesis involves which 3 processes

A

proliferation- multiplication

differentiation- change form

apoptosis- programmed cell death

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21
Q

what regulates haemopoiesis

how does it do that

A

growth factors

by inhibiting apoptosis

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22
Q

what are the 2 main classes of growth factors

A

colony stimulating factors

interleukins

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23
Q

what are haemopoietic growth factors

what are they produced by

A

glycoproteins

stromal cells
T lymphocytes
liver
kidney

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24
Q

where to all blood cells develop from

A

HSC- haemopoietic stem cell

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25
what is a HSC (haemopoietic stem cell)
cell located in bone marrow which gives rise to all other blood cells derived from mesoderm (found in early stages of embryonic development)
26
what is special about a haemopoietic stem cell
cell can differentiate into different lineages appearance of small lymphocyte ability to self renew can find its way back to bone marrow
27
what is the exact phenotype of a haemopoietic stem cell
eact phenotype unknown CD34+ CD38- negative lineage specific
28
what are the stages in haemopoietic cell development
renewal stem cells pool differentiation lineage selection maturation function cell death (apoptosis)
29
what is erythropoiesis
red cell production
30
how is erythropoiesis regulated
by erythropoietin- hormone produced in kidney | feedback mechanism
31
what is the earliest erythroid precursor and where is it found
pronormoblast (proerythroblast) | in bone marrow
32
what are the 3 division of normoblasts
get progressively smaller early intermediate late
33
in which red cells is the nucleus extruded
``` reticulocyte- contains ribosomal RNA mature erythrocyte (red cell) ```
34
why do red cells have a biconcave disc (flexible membrane)
so they can pass through capillary microtubules
35
what is the red cell circulation time
110-120 days
36
what is the cause of death in red cells
loss of red cell enzymes which maintain shape and flexibility
37
which organs are responsible for the destruction of red cells what happens to cellular content
bone marrow, spleen and liver recycled (protein, lipid and iron)
38
how are haemoglobin breakdown products excreted
through liver, faeces and urine
39
what are RBCs unable to do
traverse endothelial membrane
40
what are granulopoiesis and monopoiesis
production of granulocytes and monocytes from common myeloid precursor cells
41
how is granulopoiesis and monopoiesis regulated
by combined actions of haemopoietic growth factors IL3- neutrophils, monocytes and basophils GM-CSF granulocyte- macrophage colony stimulating factor IL5- eosinophils
42
what is the process in terms of cell production to get a mature granulocyte
``` myeloblast promyelocyte myelocyte metamyelocyte band forms mature granulocyte ```
43
what is the process in terms of cell production to get a blood monocyte
``` monoblast promonocyte marrow monocyte blood monocyte tissue macrophage ```
44
how long do blood monocytes have in circulation
20-40 hours
45
describe structure and function of blood monocytes
mononuclear, greyish cytoplasm phagocytose and destroy bacteria
46
how is lymphopoiesis regulated
by IL 1, 2, 4, 6 and 7
47
what is the process in terms of cell production to get a small lymphocyte
lymphoblast prolymphocyte large lymphocyte small lymphocyte
48
what are the 2 types of lymphopoiesis
B lymphopoiesis | T lymphopoiesis
49
how do lymphocytes develop
lymphoid stem cells in marrow generate B or T-cell lymphocyte progenitors
50
how are B cells produced
undergo maturation in marrow | migrate via blood to peripheral lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes and spleen)
51
how are T cells produced
progenitors produced in marrow migrate from marrow via blood to thymus T-cells mature in thymus T-cells then migrate to peripheral lymphoid organs
52
explain the function of B cells
responsible for humoral immunity carry surface receptors which recognise and bind foreign antigens trigger cell proliferation into plasma cells secrete antibodies against foreign antigen produced rapid response to further contact with inducing antigen
53
explain the function of T cells
responsible for cellular immunity T cell activation is antigen specific antigen must be processed and presented by macrophages for activation to occur
54
what are the 5 main subsets of T lymphocytes
``` T helper T memory T cytotoxic T regulator natural killer ```
55
what is thrombopoiesis
platelet development
56
why is thrombopoiesis important
blood clotting forms platelet plug at site of injury initiates secondary haemostasis
57
what regulates thrombopoiesis
thrombopoietin
58
what are the main functions of platelets
interact with von willibrands factor- form initial barrier to blood loss allow platelet to platelet aggregation to form thrombus provide negatively charged lipid surface to support coagulation localise thrombus formation promote vasoconstriction promote vessel repair
59
what is the process in terms of cell production to get a platelet formed in thromobopoiesis
megakaryoblast promegakaryocyte megakaryocyte platelets
60
explain the process of thrombopoiesis
DNA replication without nuclear/cell division cell progressively larger with each complete cycle of endomitosis large uninucleate cells with 64n DNA large numbers of platelets produced in cytoplasm of mature megakaryocyte rapdily discharged into bone marrow bare nucleus of megakaryocyte is phagocytosed by macrophages take 2-3 days each megakaryocyte produces 2000-7000 platelets
61
explain structure and function of a platelet
anucleate fragments of megakaryocyte cytoplasm small discoid shape circulate in blood (dormant/resting state) capable of rapid response to vessel injury shape/size results in them circulating towards edges of blood vessels crucial in blood clotting (primary haemostasis)
62
what are the 3 events of primary haemostasis
platelet activation platelet adhesion platelet aggregation
63
what do the 3 events of primary haemostasis lead to
formation of plug of platelets initiate process of secondary haemostasis
64
why is secondary haemostasis required
platelet plug alone insufficient to stem blood loss needs to be reinforced by series of biochemical reactions
65
what does secondary haemostasis do
tranforms soluble fibrin to meshwork of insoluble fibrin intertwines with cellular components of forming thrombus forms supporting scaffold

haematology (3 decks)

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