Lecture 1 - Immunopathology: Inflammaion And Cell Death

Question 1

T-helper cells are classified as ___, and TH2 cells drive a ___-mediated response

Answer 1

CD4

Antibody

Question 2

Identify the most likely type of necrosis to occur in the brain after a stroke

Answer 2

Liquefactive necrosis

Question 3

Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and prostacyclin (PGI2) are products of this pathway

Answer 3

Arachidonic acid

Cyclooxygenase

Question 4

What are the 3 cardinal signs caused by histamine?

Answer 4

Rubor (redness)
Calor (heat)
Tumor (swelling)/edema

Question 5

Out of the 4 main cardinal signs, which one is not caused by histamine?

Answer 5

Dolor (pain)

Question 6

What’s the Latin word for loss of function?

Answer 6

Functio laesa

Question 7

What’s the Latin word for redness?

Answer 7

Rubor

Question 8

What’s the Latin word for pain?

Answer 8

Dolor

Question 9

What’s the Latin word for swelling?

Answer 9

Tumor

Question 10

What’s the Latin word for heat?

Answer 10

Calor

Question 11

What is pain caused by?

Answer 11

Kinins and prostaglandins (PGE2 = pain and fever)

Question 12

What make up the most abundant population (60%) of WBCs?

Answer 12

Neutrophils

Question 13

What are included in neutrophils?

Answer 13

Segs and PMNs

Question 14

What are the primary leukocytes in acute inflammation?

Answer 14

Neutrophils

Question 15

What play a major role in chronic inflammation?

Answer 15

Macrophages and lymphocytes

Question 16

How many neutrophils are in the circulating pool and in the marginating pool?

Answer 16

50% in each

Question 17

If neutrophils are parked and tethered to the vessel walls, what pool are they in, and can you count them?

Answer 17

Marginating pool

No

Question 18

What releases neutrophils from the marginating pool?

Answer 18

Trauma of any kind

Question 19

If someone is in a car accident, and within 30 minutes, their WBC count has doubled, how has this happened?

Answer 19

They have released the neutrophils from the marginating pool; they did not create this much in this amount of time

Question 20

CBC counts only what kind of neutrophils?

Answer 20

Circulating

Question 21

Neutrophil distribution is influenced by activating or inactivating what?

Answer 21

Cytokines (neutrophil adhesion molecules) = these impact selectins

Question 22

Step 1 of acute inflammation

Answer 22

IL-1 and TNF inc endothelial expression of E-selectin and P-selectin molecules (selectins are like glue/Velcro for WBCs)

Question 23

Step 2 of acute inflammation

Answer 23

Neutrophils weakly bind to endothelial selectins and roll along the surface (go from circulating to rolling, and being slowed down in the vicinity for where the inflammation is occurring)

Question 24

Step 3 of acute inflammation

Answer 24

Neutrophils stimulated to express ligands for cellular adhesion molecules

Question 25

Step 4 of acute inflammation

Answer 25

Neutrophils adhere firmly to cellular adhesion molecules (ICAM's and VCAM's)

Question 26

What's the difference between selectins and cams?

Answer 26

Selectins slow neutrophils down; CAMs stop them completely

Question 27

What's an ICAM?

Answer 27

Intracellular adhesion molecule

Question 28

What's a VCAM?

Answer 28

Vascular cellular adhesion molecule

Question 29

What happens in acute inflammation after step 4?

Answer 29

Neutrophils then emigrate (leave vessels to go into the tissue where the damage is) via diapedesis, migrate through the tissues via chemotaxis (using IL-8), phagocytize, degranulate and kill what has been eaten

Question 30

How are neutrophils attracted to the site of damage?

Answer 30

By IL-8 ("clean up on isle 8)

Question 31

When neutrophils go into an area and kill themselves, what do they form?

Answer 31

Pus (exudates)

Question 32

Macrophages are what? Do they kill themselves?

Answer 32

Presenters; no

Question 33

What types of cells are associated with degranulation, are located primarily in the lungs and skin, and are involved with hives and difficulty breathing?

Answer 33

Mast cells

Question 34

2 vasoactive amines that cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

Answer 34

Histamine and serotonin

Question 35

Histamines are produced by what?

Answer 35

Basophils Platelets Mast cells

Question 36

Serotonin is produced by what?

Answer 36

Platelets

Question 37

What are the 2 neutrophil attractants?

Answer 37

IL-8 and C5a

Question 38

What do C3a and C5a cause?

Answer 38

Degranulation of mast cells

Question 39

What are the release triggers for histamine?

Answer 39

- IgE mast cell reactions (dock onto mast cells and basophils, causing cross-linkage, releasing histamine) - Anaphylatoxins (C3a and C5a) - IL-1

Question 40

In the kinin system, activated coagulation factor XII converts ___ to ___

Answer 40

Prekallikrein | Kallikrein

Question 41

Kalikrein cleaves ___ to ___

Answer 41

High molecular weight kiininogen (HMWK) | Bradykinin

Question 42

What is bradykinin most associated with?

Answer 42

Pain

Question 43

What are the effects of bradykinin?

Answer 43

- Vasodilation - Pain - Increased vascular permeability - Bronchoconstriction - Pain

Question 44

What are the 2 main pathways of the arachidonic acid pathway?

Answer 44

Cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway | Lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway

Question 45

What are the 3 products of the COX pathway?

Answer 45

- Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) - Prostacyclin (PGI2) - Prostaglandin PGE2, PGD2, and PGF2

Question 46

What are the main produces of the LOX pathway?

Answer 46

Leukotrienes

Question 47

What are the leukotrienes most involved with and in which organ?

Answer 47

Lungs and asthma

Question 48

There are allergic triggers and inflammatory triggers to asthma. Leukotrienes are part of which of these triggers?

Answer 48

Inflammatory

Question 49

What is thromboxane A2 (TXA2) produced by, and what does it cause?

Answer 49

Platelets | Vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation (clotting)

Question 50

What is postacyclin (PGI2) produced by, and what does it cause?

Answer 50

Vascular endothelium | Vasodilation and inhibition of platelet aggregation

Question 51

What does low dose aspirin neutralize in the COX pathway?

Answer 51

Thromboxane A2 (TXA2)

Question 52

Why is aspirin used to neutralize TXA2?

Answer 52

To prevent platelets from being sticky and irreversibly neutralizes it (all their are reversible), to where if you want to go back, you have to completely replace the platelets

Question 53

Prostaglandin E2 causes what?

Answer 53

Pain and fever

Question 54

Prostaglandin PGE2, PGD2 and PDG2 cause what?

Answer 54

Vasodilation