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Medical Microbiology > Lecture 1: Infection and Disease > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Infection and Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

Microbiota

A

personal unique mix of bacterial species colonize: nose mouth, eye, upper resp. tracts, intestine and urogenital, and skin.

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2
Q

Deaths from infectious disease per year

A

15 million

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3
Q

one pathogen can… (3)

A

…cause more than one disease
-new diseases coming. old diseases re-emerging
…be used in bioterrosism (ex. anthrax)

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4
Q

superbugs

A

become resistant to antimicrobials- *awareness when rxing antibiotics

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5
Q

Phylogenic tree of life

A

is organism a Bacteria, fungus, protozoan, or virus

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6
Q

Proakaryoitc cells

A

small, no nucluear membrane of nucleoli, no membrane enclosed organells, no carbohydrates on plasma membrane, no cytoskeleton or cytoplasmic streaming, ribosomes are small
binary fission for cell division.
*think, loft/studio apartment

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7
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

larger than prokaryotes, true nucleus with membrane and nucleoli, membrane bound organelles present, sterols and carbs on plasma membrane as receptors, cytoskeleton, larger size, mitosis

**think mansion with many rooms

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8
Q

Gram- negative cell wall

A

peptidoglycan later surrounded by outer membrane

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9
Q

Gram-Positivie cell wall

A

layers in peptidoglycan with no outer membrane

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10
Q

Viral Pathogens

A

Viruses not microbes and are not cells- they have DNA or RNA care and are surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)

Viruses cannot replicate withouth replication machinery in a host cell (obligate parasite)

Ex: SARS-coV-2, COVID-19, HIV, Hep A/B, Measles, Influenza

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11
Q

Fungi

A
  • may cause human disease
  • others produce useful antibiotics
  • can cause food spoilage

ex) Candida albicans, aspergillus fumigatus, blastomyces dermatitis, pneumocystis jirovecii
* alexander flemming-penicillin won nobel prize

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12
Q

Typles of Parasites (5)

A

1) Flagellates- with flagella (ex. giardia, trichomonas, trypanosomes)
2) Amebae- entanomoeba, neagleria, and acanthamoeba
3) Sporozoa- cyptosporidium, toxoplasma, malarial parasies
4) ciliates- rare, only 1 human parasite
5) heminths- parasitic worms

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13
Q

Mutulism

A

symbiotic relationship that benefits both participants

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14
Q

Commensalism

A

symbiotic relationship that benefits microbe but does not affect host

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15
Q

parasitism

A

symbiotic relationship that benefits microbe and harms host

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16
Q

Sterile Sites

A

blood, CSF, internal organs, muscles bone and brain

* if site has organisms something is very wrong

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17
Q

Contributors to microbtiota development

A

breast feeding, delivery (cesarian vs. vaginal), feeding from maternal skin, hands and feet introduced to mouth, hands on floor, siblings and pets

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18
Q

Pathogenicity

A

qualitative trait referring to genetic capacity to cause disease/ liklihood that infection will results in disease

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19
Q

Virulence

A

quantitative trati: related to the extent of pathology (degree of disease) caused by microorganism.
expresses interaction between pathogen and host.
ex: cold-low virulence while ebola-high virulence

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20
Q

For disease to occurr…

A

…pathogen must come in contace with proper body part in sufficient numbers

portal of entry is the route an exogenous pathogen uses to enter body

infectious dose is number of microbes entering body

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21
Q

Respoiratory portal

A

inhalation of pathogens in air

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22
Q

GI portal

A

fecal oral

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23
Q

urogenital portal

A

sexually transmitted

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24
Q

parenteral

A

peircing skin or muccous membranes through cuts, bites, injections

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25
translocation
organism moves from one area to another (e coli from GI to urethra to bladder)
26
Letal Dose
50% LD50, number of bacteria or virus particles required to kill 50% of an experimenl group of animal hosts **Low LD50 is highly virulent
27
Infectious dose
50% ID50, infectious dose to colonize 50% experimental hosts measured by determining how many microbes are required to cause disease symptoms in half of an experimental groups of hosts not easy to measure
28
Primary infections
occur in otherwise healthy individuals
29
Secondary infections
occur in a body weakend by a primary infections | ex) post-influenze bacterial pneumonis
30
local disease
restricted to single area
31
systemic disease
disseminate to organs and systems
32
bacteremia
-emia in blood transient, septicemia is proliferation of bacterial cells in blood
33
signs of disease
evidence/ fever, bacterial cells in blood
34
symptoms of disease
changes in body function, sore throat & headache
35
syndrome
collection of signs and symptoms
36
incubation period
time from contact to fisrt symptoms, replication
37
prodromal phase
time of mild discomfort
38
acute period
illness most severe
39
period of decline
when illness subsides
40
period of covalescense
return to good health
41
Capsules
exist on bacterial, fungal, and protistan speies defensice structures prevent invating cells form engulfing and aid in the sucess of adhering to host cells
42
Pili
exist on bacterial cells offensive structures adere to specific protein receptos sites on target host cells, aid in adhering to host cel
43
Spikes and capsid proteins
exist on viruses offensive to bind to receptos on host cell in aid inhost cell adhesion
44
Adhesion
Virulence factor: many pathogens have adhesins that allow then to adhere to specific tissutes *gram-neg bacterial species contain pili that can adhere to specific host cell on tissue baased on adhesions located on pili
45
Invasiveness
ability of pathogen to penetrate tissues and spread some use phagocytosis by body cells to enter cells and pass through defenses
46
Chemical Virulence factors (3)
1) enzymes: offensive or defensive 2) toxins: exotoxins, cytotoxins, neurotoxins, enterotoxins 3) biofilms (not technically chemical virulence factos)
47
Enzymes as virulence factor
help pathogens resist body defenses | ex. staph produce coagulase to from blood clot to protect from phagocytosis
48
Hyaluronidase
Enzyme that can influence virulence: enhances pathogen penetraton through tissues, chews away at hyaluronic acid
49
Leukocidins
Enzyme as Vir. Fac. disintegrate neutrophils and macrophages
50
Hemolysins
Enzyme as Vir. Fac. | dissolve RBC
51
Biofilms
can enhance virulence becuase immune cells cannot reach bacterial cells
52
toxigenicity
ability of pathogents to produce toxins
53
toxemia
presence of toxins in blood
54
exotoxins
proteins produced during bacterial cell metabolism within cell, and sent out during lysis. *most common in gram + bacterial - cytotoxins kill cells - neurotoxins interfere with nerve transmission - enterotoxins affect intestinal tract
55
Antitoxins
produced by host to newutralize toxins
56
toxoids
toxins whose toxicity has been destroyed but still elicit immune response -great for vaccinations, build immunity (ex. diptheria and tetanus vax)
57
Endotoxins
released upon disintigration of gram - cell walls - endotoxin part of gram neg cell wall - lipid portion of lipopolysaccharides - part of outermembrane - cause blood coagulation - endotoxin shock may occur with antibiotic treatment of deseases caused by gram negative bacilli **gram + dont have endotoxin
58
Reminder of disease
lasting effects of disease: paralysis from polio/ arthritis from lyme disease
59
Resevoir, 3 types
Resevoir= source of pathogen 1) nonhuman: ex. rabid bat for transmission of rabies - human dead end host (no human-human transmission or human-animal) 2) Human; smallpox- humans only resevoir (all new infections acquired from people) 3) nonliving: food, soil, water
60
Zoonosis
disease transmitted from animal to human
61
Horizontal spread
person to person contact
62
vertical spread
mother to fetus or newborn during delivery
63
indirect transmisstion
results from contact with non living onjects or vectors
64
Fomites
inanimate object where organisms can linger
65
Vehicle
contaminated food, water, or air
66
vector-indirect
zoonotic method of disease spread (ticks, mosquitos, etc)
67
Mechanical
passive
68
biological
mathogen multiplies within insect
69
Epidemiologist
track how disease spreads throughout populaton
70
epidemic
disease occuring in excess of what is normally expected within populaiont
71
oubreak
more contained epidemic- contained in cetain aread
72
pandemic
worldwide
73
Mode of transmittion of HAI
patient-patient patient-staff indirect patient-contaminated surfaces or instruments
74
nosocomial infections
acuired in hospital
75
Skin microbiota
*primarily gram + staphylococcus, streptococcus, corynebacterium, propionibacterium, microccocus fungal: candida
76
femal reproductive microbiota
lactobacilis, staphylococcus, corynebacterium, streptococcus, enterococcus fungal: candida
77
small intestine microbiota
bacteroides, lactobacillus, streptococcus
78
large intestine microbiota
dense and diverse microbial population
79
Urinary tract (female) microbiota
lactobacillis, cerynebacteriums, streptocccus, bacteroides
80
Male urinary tract microbiota
corynebacterium, streptcoccus
81
Oral cavity microbiota
streptococcus, treponema, neisseria, haemophilus, lactobacillis, staphyloccus, propionibacterium
82
Upper respiratory tract
diverse microbes vary by site (nose, nasopharynx, etc) streptococcus, neisseria, haemophilis, staphylocccus fungal-candida
83
phases of disease
1) incubation period 2) prodromal phase 3) acute period 4) period of decline 5) period of convalesencse
84
obligate parasite
parasite the relies on host cell to replicate and nourish
85
cytotoxins
KILL CELLS
86
neurotoxins
impair funfctioning of nervous system
87
enterotoxins
affect intestinal tract
88
Pathogen entry into host cell depends on cell adhesion
1) capsules 2) Pili 3) Spikes and capsid proteins

Medical Microbiology (11 decks)

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