Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neurobiology > Lecture 1: Intro > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Intro Flashcards

(61 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what Is in the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Brain
spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is in the Peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

cranial nerves and ganglia
spinal nerves and dorsal root ganglia
sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves and gangls
enteric nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

is the sensory component ascending or descending?

A

ascending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the pathway of the sensory component?

A

the PNS sends incoming information up to the brain(CNS) known as ascending/afferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the pathway for the motor component?

A

the CNS sends signals to muscles and glands known as descending/ efferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is afferent

A

acsending, from PNS to CNS and sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is efferent

A

descending, from CNS to Muscles and motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

if something doesn’t begin at the cortex what is it known as?

A

reflexive or autonomic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is hierarchical organization?

A

a ranked series; top down effect
*NOT all functions require cerebral control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is serial processing?

A

sequential communication between levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is parallel processing?

A

multiple active pathways between each level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the output of the PNS DIRECTLY influenced by?

A

local circuit neurons
descending control from cortex and brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the output of the PNS INDIRECTLY influenced by?

A

basal ganglia and cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

is the PNS upper or lower motor neurons?

A

lower motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is basal ganglia?

A

inition on intended movement and suppression of unwanted movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the cerebellum?

A

coordination of ongoing movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the motor cortex?

A

planning, initiating, and directing voluntary movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the brainstem centers?

A

rhythmic, stereotyped movements and postural control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are glial cells? and do they carry signals?

A

supporting cells of the nervous system, and NO they DO NOT carry signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are astrocytes?

A

most abundant; form blood brain barrier
maintain homeostasis in CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are ependymal cells?

A

line ventricles
produce CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are microglia cells?

A

site of trauma
macrophage that eat dead tissue, debris and pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are oligodendrocytes?

A

*insulation to multiple
myelinated axons in CNS to improve signal conduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are satellite cells?

A

maintain homeostasis in the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what are Schwann cells?
*one wrapping myelinated axons in the PNS to improve signal conduction
26
what is the node of ranvier?
gap in myelin where the signal propagates
27
what are the two general functions of chemical neurotransmitters ?
rapid communication between neurons neuomodulation
28
what is rapid communication of neurons?
excitatory post synaptic potentials and inhibitory post synaptic potentials
29
what is spatial summation?
emerges from multiple presynaptic neurons to exceed threshold of postsynaptic neuron
30
what is temporal summation?
a single presynaptic neuron releases many neurotransmitters over time.
31
what is neuromodulation?
slow signaling can lead to facilitation or inhibition of subsequent signaling within the neuron
32
what is glutamate?
most common excitatory neurotransmitter (CNS)
33
what is GABA?
Most common inhibitory neurotransmitter (CNS)
34
what is glycine?
inhibitory neurotransmitter (spinal cord, brainstem, retina)
35
what is acetylcholine?
main transmitter at the neuromuscular junction, parasympathetic ANS, and neuromodulation
36
what is norepinephrine?
sympathetic ANS and neuromodulation
37
what is dopamine?
neuromodulation
38
what is serotonin?
neuromodulation
39
what is histamine ?
mainly excitatory neuromodulation
40
where is gray matter located in the CNS?
nucleus
41
where is gray matter located in the PNS?
ganglia
42
where is gray matter located in the cortex?
outer layer on gyru
43
where is gray matter located in the spinal cord?
inner tissue
44
what is gray matter?
mainly cell body synaptic communication between neurons (cell-cell communication)
45
what is white matter?
axons traveling together mainly myelinated axons transmission of signals over long distances
46
where is white mater located in the cortex?
inner tissue
46
where is white mater located in the spinal cord?
outer layer
47
what is a tract? (white matter)
axons traveling in a bundle; start and end in the same place
48
are there synapses in a tract?
NO synapses
49
what is a pathway (white matter)?
can be made up of multiple tracts may contain synapses along the way
50
what are the three functional classes of a neuron?
afferent neuron efferent neuron interneuron
51
what is afferent neuron?
carries information from the periphery toward the brain or spinal cord ascending (sensory)
52
what is efferent neuron?
carry information away from the brain or spinal cord descending (motor; turn on glad/mm)
53
what are interneurons?
travel short distance; turns on one and sends signal to make sure the another signal doesn't turn on too
54
what is brain circuitry?
neurons recieing input from multiple sources at once. NOT 1:1 RATIO
55
what is convergence?
many neurons provide input to each neuron
56
what is divergence?
any one neuron may innervate multiple targets
57
what is plasticity?
change of strength in synaptic connections
58
what is short term synaptic plasticity?
fast in the moment change; repetition
59
what is long term synaptic plasticity?
long term potential and long term depression long lasting changes on the cell that received the signal
60

Neurobiology (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions