Lecture 1 Intro

Question 1

How much of earths biomass is microorganisms and what percentage is pathogenic to humans

Answer 1

60% and 0.5%

Question 2

How can microorganisms be grouped by the pathogenicity

Answer 2

Saprophytes
Commensals
Opportunistic pathogens
True pathogens

Question 3

Name an example of a commensals of URT

Answer 3

Candida albicans

Question 4

Name 3 examples of opportunistic pathogens

Answer 4

Staphylococcus epidermidis (device related)
Candida albicans (thrush)
Ecoli (UTI)

Question 5

How does s. Epidermidis stop pathogenic bacteria colonising skin

Answer 5

Produce fatty acids

Question 6

In every gram of faeces how many ecoli are there

Answer 6

10^11

Question 7

How can broad spectrum antibiotics cause thrush

Answer 7

Kill bacteria and allow yeast to grow

Question 8

What are the 3 steps a true pathogen should do?

Answer 8

Adhere
Evade
Infect

Question 9

Give examples of true pathogens

Answer 9

S. Aureus
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Rhinovirus

Question 10

Give an example of an infection that is NOT infectious

Answer 10

Urinary tract infection

Question 11

What percentage of all deaths does infectious disease cause in developed world

Answer 11

More than 25%

Question 12

Why has the number of TB and HIV cases risen from 2005?

Answer 12

Stop wide use of tb vaccine. Tb linked to HIV as patients with poor immune system more likely to get TB because can’t fend off infection.
TANDEM INFECTIONS.

Question 13

What are the two common types of pneumonia infection and how many deaths does this disease cause in the uk per year

Answer 13

HAP - hospital acquired
CAP - community associated

U.K. Deaths 30,000 a year

Question 14

Name infections of concern in developed world

Answer 14

Pneumonia 
Tuberculosis 
GI infections 
Device related
Healthcare associated infections 
Sexually transmittted

Question 15

Name a microorganism that causes pneumonia

Answer 15

S. pneumonieae

Question 16

Name a microorganism that causes TB

Answer 16

M. Tuberculosis

Question 17

Name sime microorganisms that cause gastrointestinal infections

Answer 17

Norovirus

Campylobacter

Question 18

Name some microorganisms that cause device related infections

Answer 18

S. epidermidis

S. aureus

Question 19

Name some microorganisms that cause HAI

Answer 19

MRSA
C. Diff
Carbapenemase-producing gram neg rods (klebsiella)

Question 20

Name some microorganisms that cause sexually transmitted infections

Answer 20

Chylamidia trachomatis
N. gonnhoreae
Treponema pallidum

Question 21

Name the top 5 causes why infection has spread in developed countries

Answer 21

Ease of travel - get endemic infections of other countries
Medical interventions 
Overuse of antibiotics 
Contraceptive pill (STI)
Modern life - Grindr, drugs, alcohol

Question 22

Name the top 6 infections of concern in DEVELOPING NATIONS such as subsaharan Africa and Asia

Answer 22

HIV 
AIDS
MALARIA
TB
DIARRHOEAL DISEASE
EBOLA

Question 23

How many percentage of worlds HIV infections, and AIDS related deaths are in developing nations

Answer 23

70% HIV

80% AIDS

Question 24

What percentage of global malaria burden is in developing nations

Answer 24

90!!

Question 25

What does 40% represent in terms of TB

Answer 25

Percentage of all cases of TB in developing world

Question 26

What are the factors increasing spread of infection in developing nations

Answer 26

``` Flooding Poverty/overcrowding /malnutrition Poor infrastructure for treatment Climate change and flooding Increased HIV Lack of education ```

Question 27

How can infectious diseases be classified by microorganism

Answer 27

``` Bacteria Parasites (multicellular worms, Helminths, unicellular protozoa) Fungi Viruses Anthropods ```

Question 28

Example of gram positive bacilli

Answer 28

``` C diff (anaerobic ) Bacillus anthracis (aerobic) ```

Question 29

Example of gram neg cocci

Answer 29

N. gonorrhoeae

Question 30

How much of Earth's biomass is microorganisms and what percentage is pathogenic to humans?

Answer 30

60% and 0.5% of that.

Question 31

Gram neg aerobic bacilli

Answer 31

N. enterobacteria - ecoli Pseudomonads - p. Aeruginosa Parvobacteria - haemophilus influenzae Vibrios- campylobacter jejuni

Question 32

Gram neg anaerobic bacilli

Answer 32

Bacteroides sp

Question 33

What conditions to bacteroides like

Answer 33

Back of throat, low oxygen levels

Question 34

Which if the following doesn't have a cell wall? | T. Pallidum, m. Tuberculosis, m. Pneumoniae, c. Trachomatis

Answer 34

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Question 35

Why are mycobacterium filamentous

Answer 35

High GC content of DNA

Question 36

What shape is microorganisms that cause syphilis

Answer 36

Spiral

Question 37

What are 2 main types of parasites

Answer 37

Protozoa and helminths

Question 38

Are Protozoa eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

Answer 38

Unicellular eukaryotic

Question 39

Example of Protozoa

Answer 39

Giardia intestinalis

Question 40

Identify a GI parasite and a blood/tissue parasite

Answer 40

GI ascaris or giardia | Blood/tissue plasmodium sp.

Question 41

What are the two forms of Protozoa in infection

Answer 41

Trophozite - metabolically active | Cyst - spread in environment when conditions are poor

Question 42

Two types of fungi

Answer 42

Moulds and yeasts

Question 43

How to yeasts reproduce

Answer 43

Budding

Question 44

How do moulds reproduce

Answer 44

Spores

Question 45

What are branching filaments of moulds

Answer 45

Hyphae

Question 46

Example of reovirus and symptoms

Answer 46

rotavirus cause diarrhoea

Question 47

Name two RNA viruses

Answer 47

Reovirus (rotavirus) | Retrovirus (HIV)

Question 48

Name two DNA viruses

Answer 48

Herpesvirus (herpes simplex) | Papovavirus (human papillomavirus)

Question 49

What are Arthropods

Answer 49

Louse Ticks Mites

Question 50

Name two mechanisms on infection by arthropods

Answer 50

Directly - feed on human blood or tissue (pubic lice) | Indirectly - transmission of viruses/parasites to humans (mosquitos)

Question 51

Asia and South Africa have what percentage of the worlds HIV burden

Answer 51

70%