Lecture 1: Intro lecture

Question 1

What three things are involved in the heart acting as a pump?

Answer 1

excitation
contraction
relaxation

Question 2

What are the two types of things that control how the heart works as a pump?

Answer 2

intrinsic and extrinsic factors

Question 3

What are the four intrinsic things that affect the heart acting as a pump?

Answer 3

heart rate
Frank-Starling
Wall stress
Contractility

Question 4

What are the two extrinsic things that affect the heart acting as a pump?

Answer 4

Hormones

Nervous system

Question 5

What are the different vessels?

Answer 5

Arteries
capillaries
veins

Question 6

What happens at the capillaries?

Answer 6

tissue perfusion

Question 7

What are the two types of things that control the blood vessels?

Answer 7

intrinsic and extrinsic factors

Question 8

What are the three intrinsic factors affecting the blood vessels?

Answer 8

endothelium
myogenic response
metabolic factors

Question 9

What are the two extrinsic factors affecting blood vessel?

Answer 9

Barroreflex

haemorrhage

Question 10

What are the different types of blood vessels in order away from the heart?

Answer 10

Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins

Question 11

How much blood is there circulating around the body?

Answer 11

4-6L blood

Question 12

What are the three purposes of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 12

• to have adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients
• to remove unwanted metabolic by-products (CO2 and H+)
• transport of substances such as drugs and hormones and heat

Question 13

Why is diffusion not good enough?

Answer 13

Because it is too slow

Question 14

When is diffusion necessary?

Answer 14

over short distances such as when exchanging in the lungs and tissue

Question 15

When do we need bulk flow of blood?

Answer 15

to get it around the body

Question 16

The cardiovascular system is two loops in _________

Answer 16

series

Question 17

What is the purpose of the series loop of the system?

Answer 17

quick delivery to the capillaries
optimal exchange at the capillaries
quick return to the lungs

Question 18

What are the names of the two circuits that make up the cardiovascular system and what do these each contain?

Answer 18

• pulmonary system which contains the heart and lungs

- the systemic circuit which goes to the rest of the body

Question 19

What surrounds the heart and what is the purpose of this?

Answer 19

• the pericardium

- this contains water which protects the heart by cushioning it and also stops it sticking to other organs

Question 20

In each of the systemic and pulmonary circuits there is a _________ loop

Answer 20

parallel

Question 21

What is the heart made of?

Answer 21

cardiac muscle cells (myocardium)

Question 22

Which has thicker walls, the ventricles or the atria?

Answer 22

the ventricles

Question 23

Which is at the bottom of the heart the atria or the ventricles?

Answer 23

the ventricles

Question 24

Which is thicker, the right or left ventricle?

Answer 24

left (on the right in diagrams)

Question 25

__________ rings contain valves

Answer 25

fibrocartilaginous

Question 26

What are the two types of valves and where are these located?

Answer 26

The atrioventricular valves which go from the atria to the ventricles and the semilunar valves which go from the ventricles exit the heart

Question 27

What are the two types of atrioventricular valves called and where are these located?

Answer 27

- mitral/bicuspid valve on the left side of the heart | - tricuspid valve on the right side of the heart

Question 28

What are the two types of semilunar valves and where are they located?

Answer 28

the aortic valve which goes from the left ventricle to the aorta and the pulmonary valve which goes from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery

Question 29

What is the purpose of the valves?

Answer 29

uni-directional blood flow

Question 30

The opening/closing of valves is _________ and is dependent on what?

Answer 30

passive | pressure

Question 31

Describe a cardiac muscle cell (5)

Answer 31

- striated due to lots of sarcomeres - T-tubules are invaginations of the cell membrane - sarcoplasmic reticulum for Ca2+ store - multi nucleated - mitochondria for ATP for contraction

Question 32

How is the cardiac muscle attached together?

Answer 32

they are tightly coupled together via gap junctions within intercalated discs

Question 33

What is the purpose of the cells being held together by gap junctions?

Answer 33

for electrical coupling so there can be rapid movement of ions so that all the cells can contract at once

Question 34

What are the two physiological factors of the CVS?

Answer 34

cardiac output and peripheral resistance

Question 35

What are the two physical factors of the CVS?

Answer 35

arterial blood volume and arterial compliance

Question 36

What do these two types of factors affect?

Answer 36

arterial blood pressure

Question 37

MAP =

Answer 37

CO x TPR

Question 38

mmHG =

Answer 38

Lmin-1 x (mmHg/L/min)

Question 39

What is CO?

Answer 39

amount of blood leaving the heart per minute

Question 40

The same amount of blood leaves what?

Answer 40

the left and right side of the heart (but the pressure is not the same)

Question 41

What is TPR?

Answer 41

How difficult it is for the blood to move around the body

Question 42

CO =

Answer 42

SV x HR

Question 43

What is SV?

Answer 43

the volume of blood ejected from either ventricle

Question 44

What affects the TPR?

Answer 44

the raduis of the blood vessels

Question 45

When is the pressure in the heart low?

Answer 45

when it is filling

Question 46

Where is there the most extreme fluctuations in pressure?

Answer 46

in the ventricles

Question 47

When is the pressure in the ventricles really high?

Answer 47

when they are contracting

Question 48

There is a highly pulsatile change in the pressure in the ________-

Answer 48

heart

Question 49

When the blood is ejected into the blood and aorta and arteries, the pressure at diastole is

Answer 49

much higher

Question 50

The pulsatile wave dissipates going into the

Answer 50

arterioles and pressure decreases

Question 51

Where is the pressure low and non-pulsatile?

Answer 51

in the capillaries, venules and veins

Question 52

How do the arteries reduce pulsatile pressure?

Answer 52

Because of their elastic nature: when the blood is pumped into the arteries, the elastic walls stretch and store energy and then during diastole (relax), and the arterioles control and push the blood away