Lecture 1 - Intro to Blood

Question 1

What is the primary focus of the Blood Module?

Answer 1

Haematology

Question 2

What are the main components assessed in a blood count?

Answer 2

• Haemoglobin level
• Red cells
• Leukocytes
• Platelets

Question 3

What does CBC stand for?

Answer 3

Complete Blood Count

Question 4

What is the purpose of a blood film examination?

Answer 4

To check morphology – qualitative

Question 5

What are the two main series of blood cell development?

Answer 5

• Lymphocytes
• Myeloid series

Question 6

Where is blood cell production primarily located in adults?

Answer 6

Bone marrow of the axial skeleton

Question 7

What cytokine is secreted by the kidney to stimulate red blood cell production?

Answer 7

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 8

What is the role of marrow stromal cells in haematopoiesis?

Answer 8

They produce key factors and receptors that support stem cell quiescence, proliferation, and migration

Question 9

What technology does an automated haematology analyser use to count cells?

Answer 9

• Cell size
• Cytoplasmic/nuclear complexity
• Nucleic acid fluorescence

Question 10

What does MCV stand for in blood analysis?

Answer 10

Mean Cell Volume

Question 11

What is the WHO definition of anaemia for females?

Answer 11

Hb <120 g/L

Question 12

What are the three morphological patterns of anaemia based on cell size?

Answer 12

• Microcytic – small cells
• Normocytic – normal cells
• Macrocytic – large cells

Question 13

What does MCH stand for?

Answer 13

Mean Cell Hemoglobin

Question 14

What is a common cause of microcytic anaemia?

Answer 14

Iron deficiency

Question 15

What factors affect reference intervals for blood cells?

Answer 15

• Developmental age
• Sex
• Physiology
• Ethnic differences

Question 16

True or False: MCHC is typically quoted in blood tests.

Answer 16

False

Question 17

What are the important measures for red cell values?

Answer 17

• Hb
• MCV
• RBC

Question 18

What is the reference interval for Hb in adult females?

Answer 18

115-155 g/L

Question 19

Fill in the blank: The central 95% of values obtained from healthy individuals is referred to as the _______.

Answer 19

Reference interval

Question 20

What is the mechanism behind anaemia of inflammation?

Answer 20

Reduced red cell production due to reduced availability of iron

Question 21

What is megaloblastic anaemia commonly associated with?

Answer 21

Folic acid or vitamin B12 deficiency

Question 22

What blood abnormalities are usually means for diagnosis in macrocytic anaemia?

Answer 22

Large red cells, likely hyperchromic

Question 23

What is the significance of MCV and MCH in red blood cell analysis?

Answer 23

They are parallel measures used to assess red blood cell characteristics.

Question 24

What is the effect of vitamin B12 deficiency on blood cell maturation?

Answer 24

Delayed and abnormal maturation in marrow

Question 25

What vitamins are needed for nucleic acid synthesis?

Answer 25

Folate and B12

Question 26

What occurs due to a lack of nucleotides in dividing cells?

Answer 26

Dividing cells die due to inability to synthesize DNA

Question 27

What type of abnormalities are usually the means for diagnosing the effects on tissues?

Answer 27

Blood abnormalities

Question 28

What condition is associated with Vitamin B12 deficiency in a 23-year-old with severe diarrhea?

Answer 28

Crohn disease

Question 29

Where is Vitamin B12 absorbed in the body?

Answer 29

Terminal end of the small intestine

Question 30

What is the term for a reduction in all three main lineages of blood cells?

Answer 30

Pancytopenia

Question 31

What is the female reference interval for Hemoglobin (Hb)?

Answer 31

115 – 155 g/L

Question 32

What is the female reference interval for Mean Cell Volume (MCV)?

Answer 32

80 – 99

Question 33

What is the female reference interval for Platelets?

Answer 33

150 - 400 x10^9 /L

Question 34

What is the role of cytokine signals in haematopoiesis?

Answer 34

Induce growth and differentiation

Question 35

What cytokine is secreted by the kidney to stimulate erythropoiesis?

Answer 35

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 36

What is the function of thrombopoietin (TPO)?

Answer 36

Stimulates platelet production

Question 37

What are the key factors produced by marrow stromal cells?

Answer 37

Support stem cell quiescence, proliferation, and migration

Question 38

What are the signals that act on haematopoietic stem cells?

Answer 38

Stem Cell Factor (SCF)

Question 39

What does G-CSF stand for?

Answer 39

Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor

Question 40

What is the main driver of erythropoiesis?

Answer 40

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 41

Fill in the blank: The immature red cell that completes clearance of RNA is called a _______.

Answer 41

Reticulocyte

Question 42

What is the lifespan of a mature erythrocyte?

Answer 42

Approximately 100-120 days

Question 43

What is the average number of red cells produced each day by an adult?

Answer 43

200 - 300 x 10^9

Question 44

What are the stages of erythropoiesis starting from haematopoietic stem cells?

Answer 44

Proerythroblasts, basophilic erythroblasts, polychromatic erythroblasts, reticulocytes, mature erythrocytes

Question 45

What happens to the nucleus during the maturation of erythrocytes?

Answer 45

The nucleus is discarded

Question 46

What is the role of erythroblasts in the early stages of erythropoiesis?

Answer 46

Proliferate and take up large amounts of iron

Question 47

What type of cells do erythroblasts surround during their development?

Answer 47

Macrophages

Question 48

True or False: Erythroblasts lose their nucleus before they become mature erythrocytes.

Answer 48

True