Lecture 1 - Introduction to Cardiology (Estrada)

Question 1

What are the 2 main divisions of the circulatory system?

Answer 1

pulmonary (low pressure)

systemic (high pressure)

Question 2

The pulmonary and systemic divisions are connected ___ meaning events occurring in one will rapidly alter events in the other system

Answer 2

in-series

Question 3

flow of blood through the CV system is ___; deoxygenated blood from the ___ circulation enters the right heart and then to the ___ circulation for oxygenation

Answer 3

unidirectional, systemic, pulmonary

Question 4

Each division (pulmonary and systemic) contain what 4 components?

Answer 4

1. pump (heart)
2. distribution system (arteries and arterioles)
3. exchange region (capillaries)
4. collecting system (venules and veins)

Question 5

The ___ generates the energy which moves blood through the two divisions

Answer 5

heart or “pump”

Question 6

__ of the heart are the blood receiving champers which function to assist blood flow to the ventricles

Answer 6

atria

Question 7

the ___ are the main pump elements of the heart

Answer 7

ventricles

Question 8

__ ventricle sends blood to the pulmonary circulation and the __ ventricle sends blood into the systemic circulation

Answer 8

right, left

Question 9

__ circulation covers a larger SA and has greater degree of vessel branching so it needs to be higher pressure

Answer 9

systemic

Question 10

The myocardium is thick in which side of the heart

Answer 10

left ventricle

Question 11

__ is adaptable and the thickness of chamber walls depends upon the demands of the system. This is why an indicator of heart disease can be change in shape and thickness of heart.

Answer 11

myocardium

Question 12

The __ of the heart are designed to allow flow unidirectional and in-series only

Answer 12

valves

Question 13

What is the A-V valve of the right heart called

Answer 13

tricuspid

Question 14

what is the A-V valve of the left heart called

Answer 14

mitral

Question 15

what is the semilunar valve of the right heart

Answer 15

pulmonary

Question 16

what is the semilunar valve of the left heart

Answer 16

aortic

Question 17

the opening/closing of the heart valves is __ and depends on differences in pressure across them

Answer 17

passive

Question 18

__ have thick muscular walls which provide resistance to blood flow, making them important in regulating blood flow and arterial pressure

Answer 18

arterioles

Question 19

__ have extremely thin walls to allow for gas/waste exchange via diffusion and ultrafiltration

Answer 19

capillaries

Question 20

__ are thin walled, highly compliant, and operate under extreemly low pressure

Answer 20

venules and veins

Question 21

__ act as a large reservoir of blood and allows for rapid mobilization when additional CO is needed (i.e. exercise)

Answer 21

veins and venules (80% of total blood volume)

Question 22

neurotransmitter released by parasympathetic postganglionic cell bodies is ___. increases in parasympathetic activity __ HR

Answer 22

Ach (muscarinic receptor), decreases

Question 23

sympathetic postganglionic neurotransmitter is ___. Increase in sympathetics causes ___, ___, and ___

Answer 23

NE (alpha or beta adrenoceptors), vasoconstriction, increased contractility, and increased HR

Question 24

List 3 circulation hormones important to the CV system

Answer 24

1. RAAS
2. vasopressin or ADH (hypothalamus)
3. epinephrine (adrenal medulla)

Question 25

.__ is defined as the volume of blood that moves past a point in the CV system per unit time

Answer 25

blood flow (i.e. flow through aorta of dog = 2.5L/min)

Question 26

blood flow is determined by the __ and ___

Answer 26

blood pressure, resistance to flow

Question 27

what is the equation for flow

Answer 27

``` F = (P1 - P2) / R P1 = pressure at beginning of tube, P2 = at end, R=resistance to flow through system ```

Question 28

unidirectional flow is maintained by

Answer 28

valves

Question 29

what are the input valves of the heart

Answer 29

mitral and tricuspid (AV)

Question 30

What are the output valves of the heart

Answer 30

aortic and pulmonic (semilunar)

Question 31

what is diastole? described the pressures

Answer 31

ventricular relaxation. aortic>ventricular P

Question 32

what is systole? described the pressures

Answer 32

ventricular activation. aortic

Question 33

job of the right heart

Answer 33

pump deox blood to lungs

Question 34

job of the left heart

Answer 34

pump ox blood to everything

Question 35

is right or left heart low resistance

Answer 35

right

Question 36

is right or left heart high resistance

Answer 36

left

Question 37

what facilitates blood flow to the body via the high pressure in the left heart to distribute the blood to the body

Answer 37

greater muscle mass (thicker)

Question 38

the main function of the CV system is to continuously distribute blood throughout the body, this flow is disrupted in __

Answer 38

CV disease

Question 39

__ is common issue that disrupts uni directional flow

Answer 39

valve dysfunction

Question 40

what is the typical flow throug hthe aorta of a dog?

Answer 40

2.5L/min = CO

Question 41

In a normal system flow out of the left ___ flow out of the right

Answer 41

equal

Question 42

what 2 things determine flow

Answer 42

pressure/energy and resistance of system

Question 43

___ is the measure of resistance to forward flow of blood

Answer 43

blood pressure

Question 44

is blood pressure greater in systemic or pulmonary system

Answer 44

systemic (higher BP) > pulmonary

Question 45

Higher the __ the less forward flow will have (!!)

Answer 45

resistance

Question 46

the greatest resistance to flow is __

Answer 46

vessel diameter