lecture 1: introduction to human body Flashcards
(23 cards)
what is the difference between ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY?
anatomy - science of STRUCTURE
physiology - science of BODY FUNCTIONS
what is homeostasis?
the body’s ability to continuously stay in balance
maintaining internal environment within physiological limits
what are the 2 fluid compartments that delineate the cell?
- ICF - intracellular fluid (WITHIN cells)
- ECF - extracellular fluid (OUTSIDE cells)
* intercellular fluid = tissue fluid = interstitial fluid
* plasma = fluid portion of blood
which 2 stimuli is homeostasis continually being disrupted by?
EXTERNAL stimuli - intense heat, cold, lack of O2
INTERNAL stimuli - psychological stress, exercise
these “disruptions” are usually MILD and TEMPORARY
what are the 2 types of controls that affect the condition of the body?
neural control - (sensory receptors) DETECTING change in variable
endocrine control - (nervous/endocrine system) RESPONDING to change in variable
what are the 3 components of FEEDBACK LOOP?
- receptor - monitoring controlled condition
- control center - determining next action
- effector - receiving directions from control center and producing response to change controlled condition
what is the difference between NEGATIVE and POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP?
NEGATIVE - original stimulus REVERSED
ex: body temperature, blood sugar levels, BP
* most feedback systems in body are negative
POSITIVE - original stimulus ENHANCED
ex: childbirth
what are the 3 Ds of homeostatic imbalance?
- disorder - ABNORMALITY of function
- disease - HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE with distinct symptoms and signs
- diagnosis - skill of DISTINGUISHING one disease from another
what is the difference between symptoms and signs?
symptoms - changes in body function FELT BY THE PATIENT
signs - changes in body function OBSERVED BY THE DOCTOR
what are the 3 types of lipids?
- phospholipid
- glycolipid
- cholesterol
phospholipids
comprises 75% of lipids
2 parallel layers of molecules
AMPHIPATHIC (polar heads and non-polar tails)
glycolipids
comprises 5% of lipids
cholesterols
comprises 20% of lipids
interspersed among other lipids in both layers
provides integrity of cell membrane
what is the difference between INTEGRAL and PERIPHERAL proteins?
integral - extend into or completely across membrane; protected by glycoalyx from being digested
peripheral - attached to inner or outer surface of cell membrane
channel proteins
allowing specific substance to move through water-filled pore
transporter proteins
transporting specific substances across membranes by changing shape
receptor proteins
recognizing specific ligand and altering cell’s function in some way
cell identity marker proteins
distinguishing cells from other cells
linker proteins
anchoring filaments inside and outside to the plasma membrane, providing structural stability and shape for the cell
enzyme
catalyzing reaction inside or outside cell
what is the difference between active and passive transport?
active transport - using energy (ATP) to MOVE AGAINST concentration gradient
passive transport - using only kinetic energy to MOVE ALONG concentration gradient
what are the 5 factors affecting diffusion?
- GREATER the concentration difference, FASTER the rate of diffusion
- HIGHER the temperature, FASTER the rate of diffusion
- LARGER the size of the diffusing substance, SLOWER the rate of diffusion
- INCREASE in surface area, INCREASE in rate of diffusion
- INCREASE in diffusion distance, SLOWER the rate of diffusion
effects of tonicity on cell membranes
- isotonic - water concentration is the SAME inside and outside
- hypotonic - HIGHER concentration of water outside
- hypertonic - LOWER concentration of water outside
