[lecture 1] Molecules of life (carbohydrates)

Question 1

important elements in living things

Answer 1

N, C, H, O

Question 2

what elements is in all organic compounds

Answer 2

carbon

Question 3

polymers subunit

Answer 3

monomer

Question 4

sugars (polysaccharides) subunit

Answer 4

starches, cellulose, carbohydrates

Question 5

nucleic acid subunit

Answer 5

nucleotide

Question 6

protein subunit

Answer 6

amino acid

Question 7

glucose formula

Answer 7

C6H12O6

Question 8

photosynthesis equation

Answer 8

C2O + H2O = C6H12O6 + O2

Question 9

monosaccharides examples

Answer 9

glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 10

disaccharides examples

Answer 10

sucrose, maltose, lactose

Question 11

polysaccharides examples

Answer 11

cellulose, starch

Question 12

how is a glycosidic bond formed?

Answer 12

formed by a condensation reaction, releases water, anabolic because it requires energy

Question 13

how do you break a glycosidic bond?

Answer 13

hydrolysis, consumes water, catabolic reaction (releases energy) [in digestion, enzymes catalyze the reaction]

Question 14

lactose breaks down to?

Answer 14

glucose and galactose

Question 15

maltose breaks down to?

Answer 15

glucose and glucose

Question 16

sucrose breaks down to?

Answer 16

fructose and glucose

Question 17

branched starch

Answer 17

amylopectin (quick to break down)

Question 18

unbranched starch

Answer 18

amylose (slow to break down)

Question 19

plants store carbohydrates as?

Answer 19

starch

Question 20

anabolic reactions features

Answer 20

requires energy

Question 21

catabolic reactions features

Answer 21

releases energy

Question 22

animals store carbohydrates as what and where?

Answer 22

glycogen and in the liver

Question 23

carbohydrate functions

Answer 23

1. energy store
2. structural roles
3. used to manufacture other molecules

Question 24

how does insulin work?

Answer 24

1. blood glucose concentration increases
2. beta cells in pancreas detect glucose concentration
3. insulin released into blood
4. this alters membrane of liver, muscle and fat cells to allow glucose to enter
5. blood glucose concentration decreases

glucose —–> (glycogenesis) ——> glycogen
glucose ——> (lipogenesis) ——>triglycerides

insulin inhibits glucose production

Question 25

how does glucagon work?

Answer 25

1. blood glucose concentration decreases 2. alpha cells in pancreas detect low insulin levels 3. glucagon released into blood 4. binds to glucagon receptors on liver cell membranes glycogen -----> (gluconeogenesis) ------> glucose [hydrolysis reaction] 5. blood glucose concentration increases insulin inhibits glucose production

Question 26

describe type 1 diabetes

Answer 26

1. no insulin produced 2. less common 3. usually due to genetics 4. can be treated by insulin injections

Question 27

describe type 2 diabetes

Answer 27

1. Insulin is not detected (insulin resistance) 2. More common 3. Usually due to lifestyle and age 4. Not treated with insulin injections