Lecture 1: Musculoskeletal 1

Question 1

Structure + Formation of Bones

Answer 1

formation of RBC, attachment sites for muscles to facilitate movement, protection of vital organs, gives the human body form, mineral + hormonal homeostasis

Question 2

Components in Bone Tissue

Answer 2

Components in Bone Tissue

cells, fibers, ground substance, crystallized minerals

Question 3

Function of bone cells

Answer 3

enable bone to grow, repair, change, shape synthesize new bone tissue & reabsorb new tissue

Question 4

Osteoblasts

Answer 4

formation of new bones
derived from mesenchymal stem cells
responds to parathyroid hormone (PTH)
synthesizes osteoids for the formation of new bones

Question 5

Osteoclasts

Answer 5

breakdown of old bony tissue

from osteoblasts&raquo_space;»> osteoblasts

Question 6

Elements of Bone Tissue

Answer 6

Rigid connective tissue

cells, fibers, ground substance, bone matrix, calcification

Question 7

The 2 types of bone cells

Answer 7

1. longitudinal long bone-cancellous (solid & spongy fiber) & contact bone
2. compact bone

Question 8

Collagen Fibers (bone matrix)

Answer 8

bulk of bone matrix
backbone of bony tissue
provides some strength

Question 9

Proteoglycans (bone matrix)

Answer 9

strengthen bone

plays a role in calcium deposition & calcifications

Question 10

Glycoproteins (bone matrix)

Answer 10

controls collagen interactions&raquo_space;> fibril formation

sialoprotein, osteocalcin, bone album, alpha-glycoprotein

Question 11

bone minerals (bone matrix)

Answer 11

formation of initial mineral deposit, proliferation

calcium + phosphate

Question 12

Number of bones in the body

Answer 12

206

Question 13

Axial bones

Answer 13

skull, vertebrae

80

Question 14

appendicular bones

Answer 14

peripheral bones, limbs, upper/lower extremities, shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle
(126)

Question 15

Examples of long bones

Answer 15

diaphysis, metathesis, epiphysis, medullary (marrow) cavity, endosternum

Question 16

Examples of Flat bones

Answer 16

skull, ribs, sternum, scapula

Question 17

Examples of Short Bones

Answer 17

wrists and ankles

Question 18

Examples of Irregular Bones

Answer 18

vertebrae, face, mandibles

Question 19

What is bone remodeling?

Answer 19

• repair of microscopic bone injuries
• existing bone is reabsorbed and new bone is formed
• *is a continual process - always happening**

Question 20

The stages of bone repair

Answer 20

1. inflammation/hematomas form
2. pro callus formation
3. callus formation (cartilage forms + crystallizes matrix)
4. remodelling

Question 21

Joints (articulations)

Answer 21

sites where two or more bones meet

Question 22

The function of joints

Answer 22

Allow for motion and movement, provide stability

Question 23

Joint Classification based on mov: Synarthrosis

Answer 23

immovable

Question 24

Joint Classification based on mov: amphiarthrosis

Answer 24

freely moveable

Question 25

Joint Classification based on mov: amphiarthrosis

Answer 25

partially moveable

Question 26

Joint Structure: fibrous

Answer 26

joins bone to bone | suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis

Question 27

Joint Structure: Cartilaginous

Answer 27

symphysis & synchondrosis

Question 28

Joint Structure: synovial

Answer 28

joint capsule, synovial membrane fluid, joint cavity, synovial membrane, articular cartilage (provides lubrication for joint to facilitate

Question 29

joint capsule

Answer 29

fibrous tissue that encloses bone ends and other joint surfaces

Question 30

synovial membrane

Answer 30

The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space.

Question 31

Joint cavity (synovial cavity)

Answer 31

small amount of synovial fluid which lubricates and bears weight allows two bones to move against each other

Question 32

synovial fluid

Answer 32

Secretion of synovial membranes that lubricates joints and nourishes articular cartilage

Question 33

articular cartilage

Answer 33

hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones in synovial joints reduces friction, weight bearing comprised of chondrocytes + intracellular matrix

Question 34

% composition of skeletal muscles

Answer 34

75 % water, 20% proteins, 5% organic + inorganic compounds

Question 35

Number of Muscle Fibers in the body + length

Answer 35

600, 2-60 cm long

Question 36

Layers of skeletal muscle

Answer 36

epimysium (outermost layer) perimysium (middle layer), endomysium (inner layer)

Question 37

function of skeletal muscles

Answer 37

motor units (functional unit of neuromuscular system), sensory receptors (spindles, Golgi tendon organs)

Question 38

muscle fibers (myofibrils)

Answer 38

fibers functional subunits

Question 39

muscle fibers (myoblasts)

Answer 39

precursor cells | main cell responsible for muscle growth + regeneration

Question 40

Contraction of Muscles

Answer 40

excitation coupling, contraction relaxation

Question 41

Metabolism of muscles

Answer 41

REQUIRES CONSTANT ATP + PHOSPHOCREATINE glycogen + blood glycogen converted acerbically to sustain activity w/o increasing demand for o2 type 1 fibers can resist fatigue in comparison to type 2

Question 42

Muscle Mechanics: repetitive discharge

Answer 42

allows the muscle to activate the # of motor units needed to generate the desired force

Question 43

Muscle Mechanics: physiological tetanus

Answer 43

occurs when motor units are stimulated against the muscle unit that has not been able to relax between contractions

Question 44

Types of muscle contractions

Answer 44

concentric (muscle shortening), eccentric (muscle lengthening), isometric

Question 45

Types of muscle movement

Answer 45

antagonist (involuntary) and agonist (voluntary)

Question 46

Tendons

Answer 46

attach muscle to bone

Question 47

attach muscle to bone

Answer 47

Connect bone to bone

Question 48

osteoporosis

Answer 48

A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily

Question 49

sarcopenia

Answer 49

the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comes with aging