Lecture 1- normal anatomy

Question 1

what is not located in the mediastinum

Answer 1

lungs

Question 2

where is the apex of the heart

Answer 2

5th intercostal space of the mid-clavicular line

Question 3

what are the 3 tissue layers surrounding the heart

Answer 3

pericardium- outer
myocardium- m layer
endocardium- inner

Question 4

what makes up the pericardium layer of the heart

Answer 4

1. fibrous- anchored to diaphragm
2. parietal- pericardial fluid
3. visceral (epicardium)- contains coronary arteries

Question 5

what is the function of pericardial fluid

Answer 5

decrease friction during the heart cycle

Question 6

what is contained in the endocardium

Answer 6

valves
chordae tendinae
electrical components

Question 7

who is most at risk for endocarditis

Answer 7

IV drug users

Question 8

what are the atrias seperated by

Answer 8

interatrial septum

Question 9

which atria has thicker walls

Answer 9

left due to the higher pressure of blood coming from pulmonary circulation

Question 10

what mm contribute to strength of atrial contraction

Answer 10

pectinate m

Question 11

what are the ventricles separated by

Answer 11

interventricular septum

Question 12

what are valves

Answer 12

leaflets attached to papillary m via chordae tendinae

Question 13

when do the AV valves prevent backflow

Answer 13

during ventricular contraction

Question 14

when do the SL valves prevent backflow

Answer 14

ventricular relaxation

Question 15

when do the coronary arteries receive blood

Answer 15

during ventricular relaxation while the aortic valve is closed

Question 16

what arteries branch off the L coronary artery

Answer 16

L anterior descending
circumflex

Question 17

what does the L anterior descending artery give blood supply to

Answer 17

anterior L ventricle
anterior 2/3 IV septum
small R ventricle

Question 18

what does the circumflex artery give blood supply to

Answer 18

L atrium
postlat L ventricle
SA node 40%
bundle of his

Question 19

what arteries branch off the R coronary artery

Answer 19

R marginal artery
R posterior descending

Question 20

what does the R marginal artery give blood supply to

Answer 20

lat R ventricle

Question 21

what does the R post descending artery give blood supply to

Answer 21

inf L ventricle
post 1/3 IV septum

Question 22

what does the R coronary artery give blood supply to

Answer 22

R atrium
SA node 60%
AV node

Question 23

what is coronary dominance

Answer 23

coronary artery system that is responsible for the majority of the post L ventricular circulation

majority is R dominant

Question 24

what arteries come off the aortic arch

Answer 24

braciocephalic a (R carotid and R subclavian)
L carotid
L subclavian

Question 25

what does the aorta bifurcate into

Answer 25

B iliac artery

Question 26

where does plaque build up occur in the arteries

Answer 26

tunica intima within the epithelial cells

Question 27

within vessels, where is the smooth muscle

Answer 27

tunica media

Question 28

which layer of vessels is made up of collagen/elastin

Answer 28

adventitia/externa

Question 29

which layer of the heart has the highest number of mitochondria

Answer 29

myocardium

Question 30

what makes up the myocardial mass

Answer 30

mitochondria in the myocardium

Question 31

what is the relationship between Ca and contractibility and HR

Answer 31

the more Ca binds to filaments causes increased contractability and higher HR

Question 32

when is myoblobin stored and released

Answer 32

O2 stored during diastole and releases during systole

Question 33

what is automaticity

Answer 33

pacemaker ability

Question 34

what is conductivity

Answer 34

conduct impulses to one another

Question 35

what is contractability

Answer 35

shorter or longer

Question 36

what is irritability

Answer 36

contract on their own and/or send impulses without first being stimulated from another source

Question 37

how does the sympathetic NS affect the heart

Answer 37

increased HR increased contractability coronary artery vasodilation

Question 38

how does the parasympathetic NS affect the heart

Answer 38

via vagus nerve decrease HR decrease contractability SA node by R vagus AV node by L vagus

Question 39

what are the sympathetic cardiac receptors

Answer 39

adrenergic beta 1 beta 2

Question 40

what is the function of adrenergic receptors

Answer 40

peripheral vasoconstriction epinephrine/norepinephrine increase systemic vascular resistance

Question 41

what is the function of beta 1 receptors

Answer 41

increased HR and SV increase CO

Question 42

what is the function of beta 2 receptors

Answer 42

pulmonary and peripheral vasodilation decrease systemic vascular resistance

Question 43

what occurs during atrial systole

Answer 43

blood ejected to relaxed ventricles

Question 44

what occurs during atrial diastole

Answer 44

atria relaxed, prep next cycle

Question 45

what occurs during early ventricular systole

Answer 45

AV valves close not enough pressure for SL to open

Question 46

what occurs during late ventricular systole

Answer 46

SL valves open blood ejected

Question 47

what occurs during early ventricular diastole

Answer 47

close SL valve

Question 48

what occurs during late ventricular systole

Answer 48

all chambers relaxed passive ventricular filling

Question 49

what is S1 heart sound

Answer 49

LUB closure of AV valves early ventricular systole peak R wave

Question 50

what is S2 heart sound

Answer 50

DUB closure of SL valves starts ventricular diastole end T wave

Question 51

what is stroke volume

Answer 51

volume of blood ejected per contraction

Question 52

what is CO

Answer 52

volume of blood ejected from L ventricle per minute 4-6 L/min CO= HRxSV

Question 53

what is preload

Answer 53

degree heart m can stretch before contraction end diastolic volume- blood return to heart direct proportional to SV

Question 54

what is contractility

Answer 54

ability of ventricles to contract to send blood to the lungs and periphery increase HR= increase contractility HR >120 increase Ca increase contraction reflected by EF

Question 55

what is the best indicator of heart function

Answer 55

ejection fraction

Question 56

what is afterload

Answer 56

force that resists contraction pressure in arterial system during systole SVR increase afterload= decrease SV and CO