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KM (Spring 2024 ) COPY of A&P II (Spring 2023) > Lecture 1: Review & CV Function (Exam I) > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Review & CV Function (Exam I) Flashcards

1
Q

What is Clearance?
What units would be used to denote this concept?

*

A
  • How much plasma is cleared of a substance per unit of time ( ex. mL/min )
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2
Q

What is free water clearance?
What would a high free water clearance indicate?
What is an example of a situation that would necessitate a high free water clearance?

*

A
  • How much H₂O is cleared from the blood.
  • ↑ free H₂O clearance = getting rid of water
  • Ex. Hypervolemia
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3
Q

What would the normal pulse pressure in large arteries be?
How would this change in the aorta and why?

extra

A
  • 40mmHg
  • PP would be less in the aorta due to increased aortic compliance.
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4
Q

What would be considered “stiffer”, the aorta or large arteries?
What would the result of stiffness be on the measured pulse pressure?

extra

A
  • Larger Arteries = stiffer = less compliance.
  • ↑ stiffness = ↑ pulse pressure
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5
Q

What is the formula for compliance?

A
  • C = ΔV / ΔP
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6
Q

What are the three benefits of increased aortic compliance?

A
  1. Increased “stretchability” allows for more pumped blood to fill up aorta.
  2. Decreases LV afterload.
  3. Functions as “rebound” secondary pump.
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7
Q

What is a healthy CVP and where is it measured?

A
  • 0 mmHg measured right outside of the right atrium.
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8
Q

The addition of lots of volume with relatively little pressure increase would indicate a _____ compliance system.

A

high

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9
Q

The addition of little volume but relatively large pressure increases from the volume addition would be considered a ____ compliance system.

A

low

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10
Q

extra

What is the formula for Elastance?
What can elastance be correlated with?

A
  • Elastance = 1 / compliance
  • ↑ Elastance = ↑ Rigidity
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11
Q

What is a normal pressure in the left atrium?

A
  • 2-5 mmHg
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12
Q

What is a normal pressure in the left ventricle?

A
  • 2-120 mmHg
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13
Q

What is a normal pressure in the right atrium?

A
  • 0 - 3 mmHg
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14
Q

What is a normal pressure in the right ventricle?

A
  • 0 - 25 mmHg
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15
Q

What vessel group has the greatest total cross-sectional area?

A
  • Capillaries (4500 cm²)
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16
Q

What vessel has the lowest total cross-sectional area?

A
  • Aorta (4.5 cm²)
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17
Q

What is the formula for blood velocity?

A
  • Flow / Area
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18
Q

What structure governs blood flow into the capillaries?

A
  • Arterioles & precapillary sphincters
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19
Q

What would trigger arteriole relaxation?
Why would this occur?

A
  • H⁺, CO₂, & adenosine (metabolic byproducts)
  • Arteriole relaxation = ↑ flow & movement of metabolic products.
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20
Q

What is the normal hydrostatic pressure at the beginning of a capillary system?
What about at the end?
What would the average pressure be throughout the capillary system?

A
  • 30mmHg to 10mmHg
  • 17mmHg
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21
Q

What is the plasma colloid osmotic pressure (πCAP) ?

A
  • 28 mmHg
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22
Q

What would a normal interstitial fluid pressure be?

A
  • -3mmHg
23
Q

What would a normal interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure be?

A
  • 8mmHg
24
Q

What proteins compose plasma oncotic pressure in order of importance and quantity?
How much colloid pressure do each of these exert?
What is the concentration value for each in g/dL?

A
  1. Albumin (21.8 mmHg) = 4.5 g/dL
  2. Globulins (6 mmHg) = 2.5 g/dL
  3. Fibrinogen (0.2 mmHg) = 0.3 g/dL
25
Q

What portion of the vascular system has a lack of innervation?
Why is this?
What neurotransmitter is secreted to cause vasoconstriction?

A
  • Capillaries
  • No smooth muscle is present.
  • Norepinephrine
26
Q

How much interstitial fluid movement occurs in 24 hours for a healthy person?
How much can this increase?

A
  • 2L/day
  • Can increase up to 40L/day if necessary.
27
Q

Where does lymphatic return to the venous system occur?

A
  • Subclavian Vein
28
Q

What are the effects of gravity on the blood pressure of a standing person?

A
  • 1mmHg BP increase for each 1.36cm below the heart.
29
Q

Where in the body can one experience negative blood pressure?
Why is this?
What would the relevance of this be in a trauma situation?

A
  • Cerebral sinuses
  • No one-way valves and hard venous walls.
  • With traumatic injury to the cranium, one could potentially get air into the CV system due to exposed negative pressure of the sinuses.
30
Q

Why is the pressure in the jugular veins negative in a standing person?

A
  • Trick question. The pressure won’t be negative, the jugular veins will collapse and pressure effectively becomes 0 mmHg.
31
Q

If a person is standing or sitting what would you expect blood pressure taken at the arm be in relation to a perfect isogravimetric position?

A
  • BP in arm should be a bit higher due to gravitational effects on the blood pressure.
32
Q

What drug class prevents venous return? (as discussed in lecture).
Why is this?

A
  • NMBs
  • Lack of muscle movement and basal resting tone lead to lack of venous blood movement.
33
Q

How much more distensible are veins than arteries?

A
  • 8x more distensible.
34
Q

What is distensibility? What is the formula for vascular distensibility?

A
  • How expandable a container is.
  • Distensibility = Increase in volume / (increase in pressure x original volume)
35
Q

What is the formula that predicts turbulence?

A
  • Re = (v · d · ρ) / η
36
Q

Increases in what factors would increase the likelihood of turbulent flow?
Where is the likeliest vessel we’d see turbulent flow?

A
  • v, d, or ρ
  • Aorta
37
Q

An Re value greater than or equal to 2000 would indicate what?

A
  • Turbulent flow
38
Q

If 1 is considered a normal arterial BP waveform, what would you expect 2 to indicate in the figure below?

A
  • Arteriosclerosis.
39
Q

If 1 is considered a normal arterial BP waveform, what would you expect 3 to indicate in the figure below?

A
  • Aortic stenosis
40
Q

If 1 is considered a normal arterial BP waveform, what would you expect 6 to indicate in the figure below?

A
  • Aortic regurgitation
41
Q

What occurs with pulse pressure as one ages?
Why does this occur?

A
  • Pulse pressure widens with age due to increasing vessel rigidity.
42
Q

Describe what has occurred in the graph below as well as why.

A
  • Drop in BP from loss of arterial tone from sympathetic chain blockade from spinal anesthesia.
43
Q

Low compliance systems would be indicated with a steep or slight slope on a graph?

A
  • Low compliance = steep slope
44
Q

Where are the body’s primary baroreceptors located?
By what pathway do these baroreceptors transmit information to the CNS?

A
  • Carotid Body & Carotid Sinuses
  • Baroreceptors → Hering’s nerve → Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) → NTS
45
Q

What area of the brain regulates blood pressure from input? Where is it located?

A
  • Nucleus Tractus Solitarius (NTS) located in the Medulla.
46
Q

Where are the body’s secondary baroreceptors located?
How do these differ from the primary baroreceptors?

A
  • Aortic arch
  • These measure pressures 20-30mmHg higher than the carotid baroreceptors.
47
Q

How do Aortic Baroreceptors communicate with the CNS?

A
  • Through the Vagus nerve (CN X) to the NTS.
48
Q

How do baroreceptors regulate blood pressures lower than 40 mmHg?

A
  • Trick question. They don’t; blood gas sensors take over at this point.
49
Q

What are the four phases of cardiac contraction?

A
  1. Filling period
  2. Isovolumetric contraction
  3. Ejection period
  4. Isovolumetric relaxation
50
Q

What would a sloped line on the isovolumetric parts of a pressure-volume loop of the cardiac cycle indicate?

A
  • Volume loss (isovolumetric plots should be essentially vertical)
51
Q

When does the Mitral valve open?
When does this valve close?

A
  • MV opens at end of isovolumetric relaxation and beginning of filling period.
  • MV closes at end of filling period and beginning of isovolumetric contraction.
52
Q

When does the aortic valve open?
When does the aortic valve close?

A
  • AV opens at the end of isovolumetric contraction and the beginning of the ejection period.
  • AV closes at the end of the ejection period and the beginning of the isovolumetric relaxation.
53
Q

What would occur if both carotids were clamped? Why is this?

A
  • The arterial pressure would rise significantly.
  • Loss of baroreceptor signaling allowing for NTS control of BP.

KM (Spring 2024 ) COPY of A&P II (Spring 2023) (26 decks)

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