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HEIU 1501 Lectures > Lecture 1 Sept 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Sept 2 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Localization in wake of invasions had hurt the church.

Loss of connection between local bishops and pope

Pope quite weak as a figure

Scattering of practices

Clerical abuses; clerical marriage; concubinage; simony

Peace and Truce. Not pacifism

A

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2
Q
  1. Pope Leo IX. Reformer.

Deposed bishops who had bought their offices.

Leo IX. 1049-1054

A

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3
Q
  1. Leo became pope after a string of popes who had ascended by nefarious means. Assassinations
A

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4
Q
  1. Quarrels with eastern church. Leo sent a legate to Constantinople.

Doesn’t go well.

Legate excommunicates the patriarch of Constantinople in 1054.

Known as the schism. In reality, not a schism. The real break wouldn’t come until much later. Still a dramatic event

A

Quarrels: filioque, leavened vs unleavened bread, pope’s claim to universal jurisdiction

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5
Q
  1. Goal of reform movement: Desire to restore papal authority and dignity

Eliminate lay control over the clergy: this a major theme within the population as well

Libertas Ecclesiae

A

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6
Q
  1. 1056 Henry III died. Young son.

Gives the reformers an opportunity to move forward with removing lay control of clergy.

Place to start is control of Papacy

Henry VI. r. 1056/1084-1106

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7
Q
  1. After Leo, Nicholas II in 1059 issues papal election decree.

Saying that the cardinals will elect pope. Ends up causing tensions with the German emperor.

1059-1061

Followed by Alexander II 1061-1073

A

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7
Q
  1. Nicholas II: gets the papacy an army.

Signs up the Normans in southern Italy.

Nicholas recognizes Robert Guiscard as count of Apulia.

Legitimizes Robert’s conquest .

Pope also grants Sicily to Robert’s nephew Roger, which the Muslims hold. Papal banner to conquer. Pope a feudal lord with these Normans as his vassals.

A

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8
Q
  1. Conquest of Jerusalem 1071.

Some persecutions of Christian clergy, destruction of churches, killing of pilgrims.

Didn’t last long. Turks soon realised that Jerusalem’s sole economic raison d’ etre was pilgrim trade.

A

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9
Q
  1. General lawlessness in Syria and Palestine remains, however
A

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10
Q
  1. Turkish warriors there wage jihad against Byzantine empire in Asia Minor.
A

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11
Q
  1. 1071 meet the combined armies of the empire led by the emperor himself,

Romanus IV. Battle of Manzikert.

Byzantine army destroyed. Emperor captured.

Turks invade and quickly overrun Asia Minor. Almost to the walls of Constantinople.

A

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12
Q
  1. Enormous and significant defeat.

All that’s left of the empire is not much more than that is today the modern state of Greece.

Looked like the empire had reached its last stages.

Emperor desperate for help: turn to the only power possible; christian Europe.

A

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13
Q
  1. Byzantines generally did not look well on western Europe.

Western Europe just a mass of undifferentiated German barbarians.

Assumption that one day the Romans would get around to reconquering the west and the barbarian interlude would be forgotten.

Thus, asking the west for help required a huge swallowing of pride.

A

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14
Q
  1. Pope is Gregory VII. Received the request for aid before the Investiture Controversy began.

He and Henry seem to be getting along fairly well at this point.

A

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15
Q
  1. Saw in this request a chance to bring the Latin and Greek sides of the Church together again.

If west could bring a force together to help their brothers in the east, it would help to heal the rift from 1054

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16
Q
  1. Gregory immediately made plans to raise a great army in Europe.

Envisioned himself leading the army.

Ironically, he suggested that Henry IV stay behind to take care of the church.

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17
Q
  1. 1073-4 Gregory proposed to lead on armed force to aid Byzantine emperor.

Rise of thoughts of new way to gain salvation for laymen: through arms.

A

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18
Q
  1. Tensions with HRE explode with Gregory VII (1073 to 1085). Strong reformer. 1075 edict prohibiting lay investiture.
A

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19
Q
  1. Henry IV rejects it and calls for the deposition of the pope.
A

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20
Q
  1. 1080 with papal blessing Guiscard tried to conquer the Byzantine empire.

Fails in part because he had to return to Rome to protect Gregory who had been driven out by the emperor

A

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21
Q
  1. This reform victory meant that in the minds of average people, the church and the figure of the pope are becoming more in their minds the leader of Christendom.
A

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22
Q
  1. In the Middle Ages, people did not self- identify by political nationality.

Nation-states are modern creations. Instead, they identified by locality then Christendom.

Previous to this, leader of Christendom had been thought of as the Holy Roman Emperor.

Now people looking to the pope as leader of Europe. This only becomes more pronounced going into the 12th and 13thc

A

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23
Q
  1. Reformers begin to set their sites on all of Christian society.

First monasteries reformed. Then the papacy and clergy.

Now looking to how to reform society.

How to order it so all are working for the good of God on earth.

Some trying to apply the selflessness and piety of the monasteries to every walk of life, including the warriors.

A

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25
Q
  1. When Gregory VII had been preparing his war, he had made reference to the Holy Sepulchre, combining the ideas of confession and penance with war for the Holy Land (we’ll see this more on Thursday)
A

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26
Q
  1. Urban II would use Jerusalem as part of his campaign for Crusade, speaking of the Muslim conquest and ravages to the eastern church.

“Worse still, they have seized the Holy City of Christ, embellished by his passion and resurrection, and…have sold her and her churches into abominable slavery…we visited Gaul and urged most fervently the lords and subjects of that land to liberate the eastern churches…and imposed on them the obligation to undertake such a military enterprise for the remission of all their sins.”

A

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27
Q
  1. Urban would encourage people “to go to Jerusalem to drive out the heathen”Recruits “are heading for Jerusalem with the good intent of liberating Christianity.”

So why were people amenable to this message?

A

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28
Q
  1. In the 11th c., Jerusalem defined an ideal as much as a real city.

Spiritual condition and aspiration.Its attributes could be geographically transposed to create a virtual reality in relics and shrines.

A

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29
Q
  1. Liturgy created scenes from Jerusalem in the mass or enacted whole episodes, as in the popular Easter plays.These offered a glimpse of the Holy City.
A

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30
Q
  1. In the 10th and 11th c. Jerusalem became the most meritorious goal of pilgrimage.

Associated with Christ’s life, Passion, and Resurrection.

A

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31
Q
  1. Pilgrimage becoming so common and popular that one mid-11th c. chronicler noted that a trip to Jerusalem was in danger of becoming a fashionable social accessory rather than an act of piety.
A

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32
Q
  1. 1009, Fatimid caliph of Egypt, al-Hakim, had destroyed the church of the Holy Sepulchre, causing outrage in the Christian community.
A

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33
Q
  1. Increase in pilgrimage to Jerusalem in the 11th c. Result of Byzantine power in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean under Basil the Bulgar Slayer (d. 1025).
A

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34
Q
  1. News of the destruction of the church of the Holy Sepulchre spread in the West.

Possible that Pope Sergius IV (1009-1012) encouraged the creation of a Christian relief fleet.

A

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35
Q
  1. Jerusalem played a prominent part in eschatological literature popular in western monasteries, cathedrals, and courts from at least the 10th c.

Final scenes of Judgement at the end of the world.

A

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36
Q
  1. Esp in 1030s and 1060s huge bands of pilgrims went east.
A

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37
Q
  1. The difficulties of the journey only made it more attractive.

Story of the Great German Pilgrimage from 1064-65

A

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38
Q
  1. 1064-65. Mass German pilgrimage to Jerusalem, said to number 7000.

Members wore crosses, according to some sources

A

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39
Q
  1. The story of the pilgrimage and its various struggles was known in the west.
A

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40
Q
  1. The pilgrims were attacked outside Tripoli and outside Caesarea. Ultimately they were relieved by the emir of Ramla. They made it to Jerusalem in the end, then returned home.
A

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41
Q
  1. Church reform movement was pursued by evangelists living and preaching a return to the Apostolic life.

Jerusalem was part of this.

A

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42
Q
  1. Use of the symbol of the cross at Clermont signalled a pivotal concern for Jerusalem
A

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43
Q
  1. The cross the crusaders would wear was part military banner, part personal insignia, part mystical symbol

Relic, totem uniform

A

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44
Q
  1. Urban a cardinal in Rome, surrounded by relics of Jerusalem and the Holy Land

Christ’s umbilical chord
Christ’s foreskin
Christ’s blood
Pieces of the Cross
Various other objects associated with Christ personally
Relics of the Holy Land Saints
Rocks from Bethlehem, Mount of Olives, river Jordan, Calvary, and Holy Sepulchre

A

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45
Q
  1. People did not simply travel to Jerusalem.

Many westerners ended up living in that region, and the crusaders were met by westerners at every turn.

EG. Hugh Bunel had committed a notorious murder in the 1070s, decapitating Mabel of Belleme in one of her castles as she was relaxing after her bath.

Persued by Mabel’s sons, William the Conquerer’s agents and bounty-hunters, Hugh fled.

Ended up in Byzantium. Lived in the Muslim world for 20 years and met up with the Crusaders outside the walls of Jerusalem

A

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46
Q
  1. Growing number of westerners in the east as pilgrims, visitors, merchants, mercenaries, and settlers.

Communication with the west.

A

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47
Q
  1. Information reaching the west may have sounded an increasingly strident note in portraying depredations of the Seljuk Turks (even if false or overblown)

Alexius sent frequent messages about the oppression of the Lord’s sepulchre and the desolation of all the churches

A

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47
Q
  1. Western obsession with Jerusalem may have been strong enough to have persuaded Alexius I to cite the liberation of Jerusalem and Holy Sepulchre in enticing western nobles into his service in the years before 1095.

Men who were part of Robert Guiscard’s armies joined Alexius after the failed 1080/81 campaign.

A

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48
Q

Abbasid ascendency in 8th c. Coincided with fragmentation of massive Islamic empire

Moors in Spain

  1. Fatimids in North Africa
A

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49
Q

Seljuk turks.

1055 tughurl beg sultan of bagdad

New unity to Abbasid world

A

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50
Q

When latins came to Middle East in their frontier war, not invading heartland of Islam.

Also a Muslim frontier. Peopled by Christians, Jews, Muslims.

A

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HEIU 1501 Lectures (1 decks)

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