Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 303 > Lecture 1- What is a Cell? > Flashcards

Lecture 1- What is a Cell? Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Viruses are cells.

A

False! Viruses are NOT cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why aren’t viruses considered cells?

A
  1. They require cells to replicate & assemble
  2. Made o/ capsid (proteins) surrounding nucleic acids
  3. May have a membrane (stolen from a cell)
  4. Can infect cells & cause cell death or mis-regulation (some cancers)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does a cell need to do in order to perform?

A
  1. Obtain food + energy- find it, take it in, and convert it into something usable
  2. Adjust + adapt to the environment- keep bad things out and good things in; getting enough O2, respond to changes in pH, preventing from drying out
  3. Reproduce- requires a lot o/ energy, how to get the right content into a daughter cell
  4. Fulfill specialized functions- neurons send/receive signals, “knowing” what to do
  5. Communication- within the cells + other cells, coordination between cells
  6. Maintenance/repair- o/ various parts o/ the cell, if not used for maintenance/repair, it must remove the “trash”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe a PROKARYOTIC cells.

A
  • Unicellular
  • Kingdoms- Bacteria and Archae
  • No nucleus
  • NOT BOUND by membrane
  • Very small, can be diff. shapes
  • Reproduce by fission
  • Some carry out photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation
  • Similar structure to bacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Archae live in ________ environments.

A

extreme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two types o/ Archae?

A

Thermophiles
Haplophiles- require high salt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe EUKARYOTIC cells.

A
  • Contain a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
  • Kingdoms- Protists, Fungi, Plants, and Animals
  • Can be unicellular or multicellular
  • Much bigger than prokaryotes
  • Wide variety o/ shapes
  • Some undergo sexual reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What similarities do prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells share?

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Molecular structure o/ DNA
  3. Mechanism o/ transcription, translation, metabolism and energy pathways, & breaking down proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cell membrane

A
  • Forms the boundary o/ cell
  • Holds things together and separates the inside o/ cell from outside
  • Has 2 layers (phospholipid bilayer)
  • Composed o/ lipids, proteins, & carbs
  • Selectively allows molecules in and out o/ cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What structures are part of the nucleus?

A
  1. Chromatin
  2. Nucleolus
  3. Nucleoplasm
  4. Nuclear matrix
  5. 2 membranes- inner and outer membrane
  6. Nuclear pore complexes
  7. Connected to endoplasmic reticulum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is chromatin?

A
  • Has genetic material (DNA) + associated proteins (histones)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A
  • Site o/ ribosomal RNA synthesis and assembly o/ ribosome components
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the the nucleoplasm?

A

Non-nucleolar regions o/ nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the nuclear matrix?

A

Composed o/ intermediate filaments (lamin) + associated proteins (gives support)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do nuclear pore complexes help eukaryotic cells?

A

Helps move materials in and out o/ nucleus

17
Q

What does the endomembrane system consist of?

A
  • Series o/ interconnected, closed, membrane-bound vesicles
  1. Nuclear envelope
  2. Endoplasmic reticulum
  3. Golgi apparatus
  4. Lysosome
  5. Vesicles
  6. Endosomes
  7. Plasma membrane
18
Q

What does the endomembrane system do?

A

Modify, package, & transport lipids + proteins

19
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • A network o/ membranous tubules within the cytoplasm o/ a eukaryotic cell
  • Continuous w/ nuclear membrane
  • Acts as an intracellular transporting system or canal
  • Important in protein folding and quality control
20
Q

What are the two types o/ endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum- studded w/ membrane-bound RIBOSOMES

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum- lacks ribosomes, makes phospholipids + fatty acids

21
Q

What holds the endoplasmic skeleton in place?

A

Cytoskeleton

22
Q

T/F: The cell’s function determine the size and structure of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Explain.

A

True
- e.g. Sperm cells and red blood cells don’ have an ER
- However, pancreas and liver cells have large endoplasmic structure as they synthesize and release lots
o/ protein

23
Q

What is the Golgi complex (aka Golgi apparatus or Golgi body)?

A
  • Membrane-bound organelle
  • Cisternae- series o/ flattened, stacked pouches
  • Responsible for modifying, sorting, & packaging proteins + lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations
24
Q

What are lysosomes?

A
  • Membrane-bound vesicles found exclusively in animal cells
  • Acid hydrolases- degrades polymers into their monomeric subunits
  • pH level o/ lumen~ 5.0
  • Lysosomal hydrolases work most efficiently @ acidic pH
25
Q

How does acidic pH help lysosomes do their job?

A

Helps denature proteins, making them accessible to action o/ lysosomal hydrolases

26
Q

What does the mitochondria consist of?

A
  1. Outer mitochondrial membrane- large pores allow molecules to move from the cytosol to intermembrane space
  2. Inner mitochondrial membrane- many cristae foldings into aqueous matrix compartment
    - Increase membrane surface area
27
Q

Why is mitochondria important?

A

Site o/ aerobic respiration & ATP production
- Enzymes in matrix & cristae convert CO2 –> H2O releasing ATP

28
Q

What is cytosol?

A
  • Site o/ cellular metabolism, has ribosomes (protein synthesis) + proteasomes (protein degradation)
  • Contains a network o/ cytoskeletal proteins
29
Q

Why are cytoskeletal proteins important?

A

For structural integrity o/ cells & act as highways to move component

30
Q

Name the 3 types o/ cytoskeletal filaments.

A
  1. Microtubules (20 nm diameter)
    - Tubulin subunits
  2. Microfilaments (7 nm diameter)
    - Actin
  3. Intermediate filaments (11 nm diameter)
    - 70 diff. proteins
    - e.g., lamins- structural function in nucleus
31
Q

What purpose does the cytoskeleton serve?

A
  1. Provides strength + rigidity to cells
  2. Maintain cell’s shape
  3. Cell motility
  4. Intracellular motility o/ organelles & chromosomes during mitosis
32
Q

Cilia and flagella contain a bundle o/ __________.

A

Microtubules

33
Q

Why do cilia and flagella contain microtubules?

A

Helps propel materials across epithelia surfaces, enable sperm to swim, push eggs throughs oviduct, etc.

34
Q

T/F: There are less microbes in our body than there are other cells.

A

False, there are MORE microbes in our body than there are other others

BIOL 303 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions