lecture 10/11

Question 1

meninges

Answer 1

• are tissue mebranes that lie between bones and soft tissues of the CNS
• protect and cushion the brain and spinal cord

Question 2

the CNS is made up of

Answer 2

brain and spinal cord

Question 3

Name the 3 tissues that make up the meninges of the brain

Answer 3

1. dura mater
2. arachnoid membrane (fluid filled)
3. pia mater (thinest layer)

Question 4

what fills the subarachnoid space

Answer 4

cebrebrolspinal fluid (CSF)

Question 5

ventricles produce _______ at the ___________

Answer 5

1. cerebrospinal fluid
2. choroid plexus (meeting of the capillaries and ependymal cells)

Question 6

Functions of CSF

Answer 6

Physical and chemical protection:
- provides buoyancy and absorbs shock, we dont want to much CFS cause pressure will build up
- deliver (nutrients like glucose and oxygen) and remove waste (CO2)

Question 7

name one major difference between plasma and CSF

Answer 7

the lack of protein in CFS

Question 8

CSF production

Answer 8

ependymal cells will selectivly transport solutes (ex. glucose —-> transcellular) and then water follows by osmosis

• make it at ependymal cells within ventricles that act as border control that regulates what can come in and what cannot

Question 9

CSF absorption

Answer 9

CSF is absorbed from the subarachnoid space into venous circulation by the arachnoid villi

Question 10

the 2 aspects of the blood-brain barrier

Answer 10

• the ependymal cells make up and important part of the BBB where CSF is produced at choroid plexus within the ventircles
• the astrocyte foot processes secrete paracrine which promote up regulation of tight junctions which causes lining of capillaries to link more tightly —-> no leaks!

Question 11

metabolic needs of neurons and glial cells

Answer 11

• oxygen
• nutrients: glucose or ketone produced by the liver when carbs are low

Question 12

how do oxygen and glucose cross the blood-brain barrier?

Answer 12

oxygen: diffusion
glucose: transcellular or glucose transporter in ependymal cells

Question 13

white matter

Answer 13

• fats
• tracts of myelinated axon fibers

Question 14

grey matter

Answer 14

• everything else
• dendrites, synapses, cell bodies

Question 15

gray matter of the spinal cord

Answer 15

dorsal=sensory=afferent (incoming information —> to brain)
ventral=motor=efferent (outgoing information —> info coming from the brain leaving ur spinal cord)

white matter on the outside

Question 16

white matter i’m the spinal cord

Answer 16

ascending tracts: bundles of axons carrying messages from the spinal cord to the brain
descending tracts: bundles of axons carrying messages from the brain to the spinal cord

Question 17

the brain stem

Answer 17

consists of the medulla, pons and midbrain

• evolutionarly speaking its pretty ancient
• autonomic function: breathing, heartrate and swallowing (medulla and pons)
• relay station for pathways (pons)
• auditory pathways and eye movements (midbrain)

Question 18

How many cranial nerves are there

Answer 18

12

Question 19

cranial nerves originate from

Answer 19

the brainstem

Question 20

basal ganglia

Answer 20

• gray matter
• important for preventing movement when you do not want to move
• ensuring movement is smooth

Question 21

name 2 conditions that involve the basal ganglia

Answer 21

1. parkinsons disease
2. huntingtons disease

Question 22

The cerebral cortex

Answer 22

1. Frontal lobe:
   premotor cortex –> you being you, descision making, writing, smiling or speaking
2. Parietal lobe:
   sensory cortex: incoming sensory information, what you perceive
3. Occipital lobe: visual cortex
4. Temporal lobe: auditory cortex (hearing) and gustatory cortex and olfactory cortex (non-verbal information)

Question 23

Thalamus

Answer 23

• receives sensory and motor information
• projects fibers to cerebrum for info processing

Question 24

hypothalamus

Answer 24

homeostasis and behavior

Question 25

pituitary gland

Answer 25

anterior: secretes hormones posterior: secretes neurohormones that are made in the hypothalamus

Question 26

pineal gland

Answer 26

secretes melatonin and regulates sleep cycle

Question 27

centers for emotion, memory and learning

Answer 27

- cingulate gyrus - hippocampus ( learning + short term) - amygdala (emotion)

Question 28

the limbic system

Answer 28

- lies around brainstem - links higher, cognitive regions of the cerbellum to more primitive functions - center for emotion, learning and memory

Question 29

The cerebellum

Answer 29

- rate, range, and force - overseas a movement and make sure it is executed as intended - compares executed to intended

Question 30

wernicke's area

Answer 30

language understanding center (verbal or written)

Question 31

broca's area

Answer 31

responding verbally

Question 32

Damage to Wernicke's area

Answer 32

receptive aphasia loss of understanding, but expression (without meaning) is maintained

Question 33

Damage to Broca's area

Answer 33

expressive aphasia: loss of verbalization, but they can understand you perfectly fine