Lecture 10/11 pt 2 67-99

Question 1

What is the source of all variation?

Answer 1

Mutation

Question 2

What are the three kids of mutations

Answer 2

deleterious, selectively advantageous, neutral

Question 3

what do U and V mean in reference to mutation rates

Answer 3

u is the rate of mutation from A > a and v is the rate of mutation from a > A (if it helps thing of v as reVerse change)

Question 4

equation for allele change do to mutation

Answer 4

p1 = p0 - u x p0 [ or, new population equals the original population minus the mutation rate times the original population] See slide 75 for more examples

Question 5

keeping in mind that p is the allele frequency of A - how do you calculate the change in A with both forward and reverse mutation?

Answer 5

DeltaP = vq - up [or the change in p equals reverse mutation minus forward mutation]

Question 6

equilibrium of mutation

Answer 6

there is a point at which the allele frequency will stabilize, Pe = V/(u+v) - honestly https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CUugoS8_GcY - start around the 9 minute mark, also see slide 81

Question 7

What is genetic drift

Answer 7

random fluctuation due to things like sampling error. Smaller populations much more effected by genetic drift

Question 8

Effective population size

Answer 8

the effective population is a representation of the individuals passing on alleles. The equation for this is Ne = (4 * Nm * Nf) / (Nm + Nf) - See slide 89

Question 9

What does genetic drift cause

Answer 9

genetic diversity to decrease within populations, but divergence between populations (Frequency fluctuations and fixation)

Question 10

Fixation

Answer 10

when an allele is at 100%. Chance for fixation increases as frequency increases. .5 = 50% .75 =75%

Question 11

What is a bottleneck

Answer 11

population significantly reduced by catastrophe. decreases genetic variation

Question 12

Founder event

Answer 12

dispersal and colonization by a small group. (think settlers during westward expansion, smaller population with less genetic variation)0
or birds on a new island

Question 13

migration

Answer 13

changes in allele frequency due to movement of individuals

Question 14

gene flow

Answer 14

movement of GENES from one population to another

Question 15

effects of gene flow

Answer 15

introduce new alleles
prevents population diversification (by homogeneity)

Question 16

4 processes that cause evolution

Answer 16

mutation, genetic drift, migration, natural selection