Lecture 10 Flashcards
(25 cards)
What is a Nosocomial?
A hospital acquired infection that was not present before the patient was admitted but they picked it up at the hospital
How common are Nosocomials?
Common in up to 25% of patients administered to the hospital
What are the most common infections?
Wound
Urinary tract
Respiratory
Skin
Soft tissue
Septicaemia
What is a preventable nosocomial infection?
Medical or surgical mishaps or bad hygiene practices
What are non-preventable nosocomial infections?
Factors that you cannot control
Ex. Immunodeficient patient or severely damaged organs
Where do nosocomial come from?
Environment
Person to person
Food supply
Air supply
Fomites
Vector
Water supply
What is the difference between a vector and a fomite?
A vector is a living organism that transmits infectious disease while a fomite is a non-living material such as a rusty ring
What is difference between endogenous and exogenous person-person infection?
Exogenous means that the infection is transfering from one person to another while endogenous means that the infection is spreading within a person
Which hospital practices increase the risk of nosocomial infection?
Intravenous access
Urinary catheters
Surgeries
What is the nosocomial chain of infection? Be specific.
Three factors that play a role in the transmission of a nosocomial infection:
Source-Where the microorganism is located and spread
Route of infection-Way microorganism leaves the source to get to the host
Host- How susceptible are you? Age? Immune status, etc
Chain must be prevented or avoided
What are the most efficient steps in controlling nosocomials?
Identification and detection of source of infection
What are the purpose of hospital infection control plans?
Make the source non-infectious
Prevent microorganism from leaving the source
Interference with dissemination routes
Preventing microorganisms from entering host
What are the main activites that limit nosocomial?
Good clinical practices
wound and enteric isolation
respiratory isolation
strict isolation
protective isolation
Typing
When were infection control techniques first recommended?
After AIDS outbreak in 1980s
What is universal precaution?
Treating every patient like they are infected and taking precautions to not get infected
EX. good hygiene, use of protective barriers, and proper handling or tools and equipment
When are addition precautions used in addition to universal precautions?
With:
Prion diseases
Air-borne diseases
Droplet diseases
Transmission by direct or indirect contact with dried skin or contaminated surfaces
Who is universal precaution recommended for?
Doctors
Nurses
Patients
Health care support workers
Can patient isolation be a form of universal precaution?
NO!!!
What are the factors of infectious control in communites?
Social and environmental factors
Health education
Food safety
Vector control
Immunization
Chemoprophylaxis
Outbreak investigations
National and international agencies
What are the categories of cleaning, sterlization, and disinfection?
Physical and chemical
What are the three physical approaches to cleaning, sterilization and disinfection
Heat -Dry(150-200 degrees), moist (pasteurization, boiling, autoclaving, and microwaving), incineration (100degrees)
Radiation - gamma, ultraviolet
Filtration
What do we need to consider when determining if a disinfectant will be effective?
Concentration of germicide
Target
Contact time
Appropriate temperature to use product
load? Organic or Inorganic
List the following microorganisms in order of most to least resistant:
Enveloped viruses
Fungi
Mycobacteria
Spores/cysts
Vegetative bacteria
Spores/cysts, Mycobacteria, Fungi, Vegetative bacteria, Enveloped viruses
What do hand rubs do? What is their composition?
Remove only transient flora
made up of 60-70% ethanol + emollients
