Lecture 10-17 - Post Midterm Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
State True or False:
In connective tissue:
- Large amount of cells
- Abundant matrix
3, Matrix contains fixed amounts of protein fibers - Connective tissue is typically classified on the basis of
the type of matrix, fiber density, and fiber
organization.
A
- False; Relatively few cells
- True
- False; Varying amount of protein fibers
- True
2
Q
State three functions of connective tissue:
A
- Physically supports other tissues
- Binds tissues together
- Provides structural framework and opposes gravity
- Helps to create body contours
- Houses specialized tissues (i.e.):
- Blood forming tissues (hematopoietic)
- Lymphoid organs
3
Q
Which CT is Usually found beneath epithelial tissues of most organs
A
Loose CT
4
Q
Which CT has a High ratio of fibroblasts to fibrous components
A
Loose
5
Q
Which CT has High ratio of fibrous components to fibroblasts
A
Dense CT
also has thicker bundles of collagen than loose CT
irregular=no specific orientation
regular=highly ordered bundles
6
Q
What class of CT is found in stroma of the spleen and lymph nodes and allows things to be packed in between the fibers?
A
Reticular
7
Q
State the Location and Function of:
Type I Collagen
Type II Collagen
Type III Collagen
Type IV Collagen
A
- General CT and bone, tensile strength
- hyaline and elastic cartilage, tensile strength
- parenchyma or argans and walls of blood vessels, reticular framework
- basement membranes, meshwork and scaffolding
8
Q
Terminal non-helical ends are cleaved to form __________
A
tropocollagen
9
Q
Tropocollagen spontaneously assembles into staggered arrays to form
collagen fibers with characteristic ___nm banded pattern
A
64 nm
10
Q
Where does synthesis of procollagen and hydroxylation of lysine and proline take place?
A
Rough ER
11
Q
Review figure 4-5 collagen synthesis
A
slide 15
12
Q
Elastin is synthesized as a ….
secreted as a…..
converted to….
and what aids it’s assembly into amorphous fibers?
A
prepropeptide (pre- is signal sequence into ER)
propeptide
tropoelastin
fibrillin
13
Q
The cleaving of the non-helical terminal ends of pro-collagen, converting it to tropocollagen, occurs where?
A
Immediatly after secretion
14
Q
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fibrocartilage?
A. type II collagen
B. not surrounded by perichondrium
C. found in intervertebral discs
D. increased collagen in the matrix
E. neither A nor B are characteristic of fibrocartiladge
A
A. type II collagen
15
Q
Which of the following is not part of haversian system?
A. periosteum
B. lacunae
C. lamellae
D. Volkmann canals
E. Canalciuli
A
A. Periosteum
16
Q
Parathyroid hormone stimulates osteoblasts to secrete/express which of the following?
A. osteoprotegerin
B. M-CSF
C. RANKL
D. all of the above.
E. only B and C
A
E. only B and C
17
Q
Type I collagen is synthesized as a ______________
A
prepropeptide
18
Q
Pro-collagen molecule with terminal non-helical ends is secreted into extracellular matrix by ___________
A
fibroblasts
19
Q
during synthesis of collagen, The Golgi apparatus is responsible for the packaging and secretion of _______
A
preprocollagen
20
Q
Collagen can be synthesized in which of the following?
A. Fibroblasts
B. Osteoblasts
C. Chondroblasts
D. Odontoblasts
E. A and C
D. All of the above
A
D. All of the above
21
Q
During collagen synthesis, the RER is responsible for the synthesis of _____ and _____, and hydroxylation of _____ and ____, glycosylation and disulfide bond formation
A
precollagen and procollagen
lysine and proline
22
Q
Enzymatic removal of most of the nonhelical domain of procollagen forms:
A
tropocollagen
23
Q
Self-aggregation in a staggered array of tropocollagen molecules forms a:
A
collagen fibril
24
Q
Side by side cross linking of collagen fibrils forms:
A
Collagen fibers
25
State in correct order from earliest to final product:
Tropocollagen
Collagen fibril
Procollagen
Collagen fiber
PRO TRO IL ER
26
What two things mediate the formation of collagen fibers?
FACIT collagen and proteoglycans
27
T/F: Ehlers-danlos syndrome involves mutations in COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes
True
28
Strickler syndrome is characterized by:
myopia, hypolasia of lower jaw, arthritis - **COL2A1 gene is mutated**
29
Osteogenesis imperfecta type 1 is associated with:
COL1A1 mutations and bone fragility
30
Elastin is assembled into amorphous fibers or sheets with the aid of what?
fibrillin
31
Which of the following synthesizes elastin?
Fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells
both
32
Review slide 17: formation of elastic fibers
33
What is the defect responsible for Marfan syndrome?
gene encoding fibrillin-1
34
What is the difference between Fibroblasts and Fibrocytes?
Fibrocytes are fibroblats that have slowed down production of building and are **more concerned with maintaining**
35
State the Fibroblasts/Fibrocytes functions:
• Secretion and maintenance of CT matrix
• Secrete precursor fibrous molecules
• Secrete the amorphous components of the matrix,
including the glycosaminoglycans.
36
T/F: Hyaluronic acid GAGs are normally found in the Basement membrane, skin, lung, liver, blood vessels, mast cell granules
False,
Cartilage, skin, synovial fluid, and general CT
heparin and heparan sulfate are found in basement membrane, etc.
37
Proteoglycans are extracellular protein complexes composed of:
Glycoaminoglycans
38
In proteoglycan formation, state the order in which the below happen:
A. Glycoaminoglycans attach to a core protein
B. An axial hyaluronan molecule (backbone) is present for attachment
C. Core proteins attach to the hyaluronan molecule by a linker protein
B, C, A
Slide 23
39
What other types of cells reside in Fibrous CT?
* Macrophages
* Mast cells
* Plasma cells
40
What molecules are Involved in hypersensitive
response to allergens
Mast cell
41
Which type of cell has Large pale nuclei with “clock-face” distribution of chromatin and are prominent in the Golgi?
Plasma cells (slide 27 detailed info)
42
# Define each of the following stages of Tumor invasion:
A. Carcinoma in situ
B. Microinvasive carcinoma
C. Invasive carcinoma
A. tumor cells are present but have not invaded basement membrane
B. tumor cells invate past basement membrane through release of their own Collagen IV
C. Tumors start their invasive phase, and secrete autocrine motility factors, vascular permeability factors and angiogenic factors. THIS IS METASTASIS
43
Unilocular Adipocytes are:
White fat is distributed throughout the body
44
Multilocular Adipocytes are:
Brown fat cells contain numerous smaller lipid droplets
Abundant mitochondria, which give them their brown coloration
**dissipate energy instead of store (storage us white)**
**BE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE ON PHOTOMICROGRAPH**
45
What is Leptin used for?
hormone produced primarily by white adipose tissue. provides information about the fat mass and nutritional status to neural centers regulating appetite, energy balance and feeding.
46
Review slide 31: regulation of adipocyte function
47
Review photomicrograph slides from lecture 10!!!!
48
Describe: Hyaline Cartilage
* Most common type of cartilage
* Contains type II collagen fibers
Location:
• External auditory meatus
• Larynx
• Tracheal cartilages
• Bronchial cartilages
• Fetal long bones
• Articular ends of bones
49
Hyaline cartilage has two types of growth patterns
Appositional
Interstitial
Describe each
Appositional: growth on the surface of a object. CANNOT exert stuff into existing structre
Intersitial: Unique to living organisms. Add living material within the constraints of a material
50
Matrix of cartilage contains:
* Chondroitin sulfate
* Collagen fibers
* Proteoglycans
Review slide 46
51
Elastic Cartilage is found where?
* Found in:
* Auricle (pinna) of the ear
* Epiglottis
**YELLOW due to elastic fibers**
**Type II collagen plus elastic fibers**
52
Describe Fibrocartilage:
* Increased collagen in the matrix
* **Not surrounded by perichondrium**
* Type I collagen
Locations:
• Intervertebral discs
• Pubic symphysis
• Insertion of some tendons and ligaments
• Closely associated with dense connective tissue or
hyaline cartilage
53
Why is cartilage slow to heal?
It is avascular
54
Chondrocytes occupy small cavities in extracellular matrix called:
Lacunae
55
Review slides 52-53 for types of growth detail.
56
Bone is formed by ______ which become \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
osteoblasts, osteocytes
57
* Hydroxyapatite:
* inorganic
* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_% of matrix
35 – 65%
58
Compact bone is also called \_\_\_\_\_\_
lamellar bone
59
Describe Compact Bone:
• Lacks cavities and forms a dense plate on the outside of long
bones or flat bones.
• Consists of concentric (Haversian) lamellae which encircle a
central blood vessel (and associated nerves) forming an
osteon, or Haversian system
60
• Volkmann’s canals run _______ to the Haversian canals
and connect the Haversian canals to each other and to the
surface of the bone
perpendicular
61
Spongy bone:
• Also called trabecular or cancellous bone
Is responsible for what?
forms trabeculae surrounding the bone marrow spaces in the long
bones and flat bones
62
Know all letters in slide 64
63
Does spongy bone have a haversian system?
No
64
What are Sharpey's fibers? (slide 65)
collagen fibers derived from the outer layer of the periosteum, projecting into the outer circumferential lamellar system
**They hold periostium and attach ligaments to bone**
65
Can blood vessels in a haversian canal run parallel to the bone shaft?
yes
66
When looking at bone, what form the concentric array?
lamellae
67
Be able to describe, Epiphysis, Metaphysis and Diaphysis (shaft) of a bone
Epi-top or bottom, Meta - adjacent to epi, diaphsyis - shaft
68
What are the products and functions of Osteoblasts?
Organic matrix of bone (osteoid)and control mineralization of matrix
## Footnote
Major protein projucts:
Type 1 collagen
RANKL (receptor for RANK)
Osteocalcin - required for bone mineralization
Osteopontin - mediate the formation of sealing bone
Bone sialoprotein - mediate binding of osteoblasts to extracellular matrix
69
Osteoprogenitor cells give rise to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
osteoblasts and bone lining cells.
70
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the primary regulator of bone
turnover
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
71
At low PTH levels, bone formation by osteoblasts is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
stimulated
72
At high PTH levels, osteoblasts are stimulated to release
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
osteoclast-differentiation factors
73
describe **osteitis fibrosa**
Elevated PTH levels result in eroded bone and fibrosis of the
resulting spaces
74
The osteoblast is stimulated to synthesize ____ and \_\_\_\_
M-CSF and RANKL
75
Calcitonin acts to _______ bone resorption
reduce
76
Review slide 76 - lecture 10!!! Osteoclast formation
77
If you dont have osteoblasts you dont form \_\_\_\_\_
(Cleidocranial dysplasia)
bone
78
Patients with brittle bone disease dont form:
Osteocytes
79
be able to walk through slides 79-81
Osteoclast function/differentiation and RANKL signalling
80
Start of Lecture 11:
Walk through steps of Intramembranous Bone formation and Endhochondral bone formation
81
In Endochondral Bone Formation Cartilage is ______ by bone
REPLACED
82
Ossification occurs first in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
diaphysis
83
What is the name of the separating plate of hyaline cartilage that is between the Epihasis and Diaphysis
Epiphyseal plate
84
articular cartilage is...
Cartilage at either end of
bone
85
Hypertrophic chondrocytes:
Form calcified matrix
Synthesize type X collagen
Secrete vascular endothelial GF
Signal perichondrial cells to become osteoblasts
86
\_\_\_\_\_\_ cartilage is the template of long bone
Hyaline
87
All epiphyseal cartilage is replaced by bone except...
for articular surface
88
Describe:
Reserve zone
Proliferative zone
Hypertrophic zone
Vascular Zone
Reserve zone - primitive hyaline cartilage responsible for growth in length
Proliferative - proliferating chondrozytes align as vertical and parallel columns
Hypertrophic zone - apoptosis of chondrocytes and calcification of matrix
Vascular invasion zone - blood vessels penetrate to transverse calcified septa
89
A joint is
where two bones come together.
90
Cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses) are..
Bones are joined by hyaline or fibrocartilage
Two types: Symphysis (fibro) and Synchrondrosis (hyaline)
91
Fibrous joints (synarthroses) are:
Bones are joined by collagenous and/or elastic fibrous CT
3 types: Suture, Gomphosis, Syndesmosis
92
Synovial joints (diarthroses) are:
These are the movable joints exemplified by a connective capsule
surrounding a fluid-filled joint space.
1 plane movement: monaxial [knee],
2-biaxial [fingers],
3 - triaxial [shoulder]
93
The space of a synovial joint between two bones is called the:
Synovial cavity
94
Synovial fluid is produced by:
synovial cells
95
Review slide 46 - epiphyseal plate identification (lecture 11)
96
Start of lecture 12
Blood is about __ percent of the body’s total weight
8
97
Plasma is
blood minus the formed elements
Contains albumin, fibrinogen, IGs, lipids, hormones, vitamins, salts
98
Serum is
plasma without the blood-clotting proteins
**Lacks fibrinogen**
99
Buffy coat of centrifuged blood contains
(leukocytes)
Precipitate (sedimented red blood cells)
Supernatant (plasma)
100
Fibrinogens are made where, function as what, and target for
Liver
Blood clotting
Thrombin
101
Where are albumins made?
Liver
102
Which type of blood cell is void of granules and organelles?
RBCs - Erythrocytes
103
Number of RBCs are influenced by ______ which is produced in the \_\_\_\_
erythropoietin, kidney
104
What DO erythrocytes contain?
**• Major contents:**
• Lipids
• ATP
• Carbonic anhydrase
• Hemoglobin
**• Proteins:**
• About 50% are integral membrane proteins
• Peripheral proteins
• Spectrin
• Actin (bound via ankyrin)
105
What protein binds to actin and spectrin and helps shape the RBCs?
Protein 4.1
106
What are the two major transmembrane proteins on an RBC, exposed to the outer surface?
Glycophorin
and
anion transporter channel (band3) - anion transporter allows HCO3- to cross membrane in exchange for Cl-
107
The major structural protein is \_\_\_, a member of
the calponin family of actin-binding proteins
spectrin
108
\_\_\_\_\_\_ links the spectrin-actin network and the
plasma membrane by binding to spectrin and a
transmembrane protein (band 3).
Ankyrin
109
Start up again on slide 15 Lecture 12
