Lecture 10 Flashcards
1
Q
body composition
A
proportions of muscle, bone, fat and other tissue that make a persons total body weight
- more important to health than controlling body weight
2
Q
when are underweight people at risk?
A
- when food is scarce
- when hospitalized
- when fighting a wasting disease
3
Q
problems associated with underweight
A
- undernutrition
- osteoporosis
- infertility
- impaired immunocompetence
4
Q
underweight people benefitting from gaining weight due to…
A
- energy reserve
- reserves of nutrients that can be stored
5
Q
problems associated with overweight/obesity
A
- hypertension
- T2D
- dyslipidemia
- CHD
- gallbladder disease
- sleep apnea
- certain cancers
6
Q
other risk factors for disease other than body weight
A
- genetics
- smoking
- cardiovascular fitness
7
Q
types of cancer overweight and obesity increases the risk of?
A
- esophageal
- liver
- kidney
- stomach
- colorectal
- advanced prostate
- post-menopausal breast
- gallbladder
- pancreatic
- ovarian
- endometrial
8
Q
what diseases are more common in those with obesity?
A
hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease
9
Q
moderate weight loss
A
reduces risk of diseases related to overweight and obesity
10
Q
central obesity
A
may increase risk of death from all causes as compared to fat elsewhere in the body
11
Q
vicceral fat (intra-abdominal fat)
A
fat stored within the abdominal cavity in association with internal abdominal organs
12
Q
results of visceral fat
A
increased risk of…
1. diabetes
2. stroke
3. hypertension
4. coronary artery disease
13
Q
subcutaneous fat
A
fat just below the skin
ex. abdomen, thigh, hips, legs
14
Q
what shape do those with central obesity have?
A
apple shape
15
Q
who are more likely to have an apple shape?
A
- postmenopausal males and females
- smokers
- those with moderate-to-high alcohol intake
- physically inactive
16
Q
what shape do those who have subcutaneous fat have?
A
pear shape
17
Q
who are more prone to a pear shape?
A
females are more prone to carrying fat around the hips and thighs prior to menopause
18
Q
how is bodyweight/body fat assessed?
A
BMI (body mass index) kg/m2
19
Q
what does BMI correlate with?
A
degree of body fatness and disease risk
20
Q
waist circumference
A
amount of visceral fatness
21
Q
disease risk profile
A
- hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol
- more risk factors and greater obesity, the more important controlling body fatness becomes
- greater the body fatness and the higher the disease profile, the greater the risk
22
Q
how do you calculate BMI>
A
weight (KG)/height(M2)
23
Q
BMI of 30 or over
A
obese
24
Q
BMI 30-34.9
A
Obese class I
- high risk
25
BMI 35-39.9
Obese class II
- very high risk
26
BMI >or = 40
Obese class III
- extremely high risk
27
limitations to BMI
- no indication about how much of weight is fat
- no indication of location of body fat
28
what is BMI not appropriate for?
1. athletes
2. pregnant and lactating women
3. adults over 65
4. different races
5. <18 years old
29
what were BMI values originally based on?
people under 65 who were primarily white europeans and americans
30
problems associated with underweight
1. undernutrition
2. osteoporosis
3. infertility
4. impaired immunocompetence
31
why is waist circumference a good measure?
most practical indicator of fat distribution and abdominal fat
32
waist circumference that increase risk are... (Health Canada)
102 cm for males
88 cm for females
- a WC just below these values should also be taken seriously
33
Heart and stroke foundation
Males:
- more than 94 cm increased risk
- more than 102 cm substantially increased risk
Females:
- more than 80 cm increased risk
- more than 88 cm substantially increased risk
34
greatest risk associated with WC and BMI
1. WC of >102 cm (m) or >88 cm (f)
2. BMI = obese class I and up
35
cardiovascular fitness benefits
improves health and longevity independent of BMI
36
lowest risk of death from chronic diseases
seen in normal weight fit people
37
people with elevated BMIs (social and economic costs)
- judged on appearance
- less often hired
- pay higher insurance premiums
- less often admitted to Universities and Colleges
38
society and overweight
- society places enormous values on thinness
- unjust stereotypes of those with excess weight
- prejudice and hostility can have an emotional toll
- weight bias and obesity stigma = a problem
39
weight bias
refers to negative attitudes and views about obesity
40
weight stigma
social stereotypes and misconceptions about obesity
41
stereotypes about people with obesity
lazy, awkward, sloppy, non-compliant, unintelligent, unsuccessful , lacking self-discipline or self-control
42
weight discrimination
1. result of weight bias and obese stigma
2. when we treat people with obesity unfairly
43
operational definition of obesity
BMI exceeding 30kg/m2 and subclassified into 3 classes
44
definition of obesity
a chronic disease in which abnormal or excess fat impairs health, increases long term medical complications and reduces lifespan
45
edmonton obesity staging system (EOSS)
-5 stage system of obesity classification
-considers metabolic, physical, and psychological parameters in order to determine optimal treatment
-better predictor of mortality than BMI
46
EOSS stage 0
-no apparent risk factors, physical symptoms, paychopathology, limitations or impairment of well-being related to obesity
47
EOSS stage 1
-presence of obesity related subclinical risk factors, mild physical symptoms & psychopathology, mild limitations/impairment of well-being
48
EOSS stage 2
presence of established obesity-related chronic disease, moderate limitations
49
EOSS stage 4
severe diability from obesity-related chronic diseases, severe disabling psychopathology, severe limitations and impairment
50
CPGS reccomendations to reducing weight bias in obesity
1. healthcare provides assess own attitudes
2. healthcare providers recognize weight bias affects behavioural outcomes
3. healthcare providers avoid making assumptions
4. healthcare providers avoid using judgemental words
51
CPGS recommendations for indigenous
healthcare providers should:
-engage patient with reality
-validate patient experienes
- advocate for access
-help patients recognize good health is attainable
-self-reflect on anti-indigenous setiment
52
what happens when more food energy is consumed than needed
excess fat accumulates in the fat cells of bodys adipose tissue
53
how many Kcal adds one pound of body fat
3500kcal
54
daily energy balance
change in energy stores= energy in - energy out
55
weight maintenence
energy in. = energy out
56
energy in
food and beverage
57
energy out
lifestyle & metabolism
58
finding the energy content of foods
-burn food in a bomb calorimeter
-when food burned, energy released in form of heat
-overstates amount of energy the human body gets so equn used to adjust
59
what is produced from burning food in bomb calorimeter
-CO2 and H2O are produced
-the amount of oxygen given an indirect measure of heat produced
60
Kcals according to the macronutrient & alcohol
1g carb = 4kcal
1g protein = 4kcal
1g fat = 9kcal
1g alcohol = 7kcal
61
types of energy output
-basal metabolism
-voluntary activities
-thermic effect of food
62
basal metabolism
-energy expended on all involuntary activities needed to sustain life
-excludes digestion and voluntary activities
-lowest during sleep
-varies
63
voluntary activities
-intentional activities
-most variable element of energy output
-very changeable
64
thermic effect of food
-5-10% of meals energy is expended in stepped-up metabolism following a meal
65
diet-induced thermogenesis
-Eating; GI tract muscles speed activity producing heat
-TEF is total amount of energy needed to digest, absorb, metabolize and store the food you eat
66
TEF is influecned by
-meal size
-meal frequency
-meal composition
67
specific thermic effect of food for macronutrients and alcohol
fat = 0-5%
carbs = 5-10%
protein = 20-30%
alcohol = 15-20%
68
BMR short and long term effects of physical activity
short term PA will not increase BMR, long term PA will increase BMR
**lean tissue has higher BMR than fat tissue
69
BMR is higher in:
-younger people
-taller people
-people who are growing
-people with more lean muscle mass
-fever
-during stress
-environmental temperature -adjusting to heat and cold
-hyperthyroidism
70
BMR is lower in
-older people (lean body mass decliens with age)
-fasting
-malnutrition
-hypothyroisism
71
Restimg Metabolic Rate (RMR)
-a measure of energy use of a person at rest in a comfortable setting but with less stringent criteria for food intake and PA
72
energy estimate requiremets (EER) (calories needed per day)
males: kg body weight x 24 = kcal/day
females kg body weight x 22 = kcal/day
73
EER often include
-age
-sex
-physical activity
-body size & weight
74
ways to measure body composition and fat distribution
-anthropometry
-density
-conductivity
-radiological techniques
75
measuring via anthropometry
fatfold measures - caliper
76
measuring via density
underwater weighing or air displacement plethysmography
-lean tissue is denser than fat tissue
77
measuring via conductivity
bioelectrical impedance
78
measuring via radiological techniques
DEXA
79
percent of body fat should generally be:
males: 12-20%
females: 20-30%
for 18-39 year olds
80
how much body fat is ideal for health
-depedns on sex, age, lifestyle,stage of life
