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Human Repro > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Outer layer of uterus

A

myometrium

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2
Q

myometrium

A

contracts during birth

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3
Q

inner layer of uterus

A

endometrium

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4
Q

endometrium

A

secretory
thickest
accepts and implants embryo

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5
Q

luminal epithelium

A 
single layer of cells 
site of implantation 
embryos make contact with mother
folds inwards from surface
some secretions
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6
Q

glandular epithelium

A

grown and stretch down to bottom
stains brown as has glycoproteins that are secreted
glycoproteins release into lumen of glands

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7
Q

lumen of glands

A

contain ciliated cells to move embryo up into uterine lumen

contribute to environment

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8
Q

resident stromal cells

A

regeneration after mensuration

transform into decidual cells - progesterone

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9
Q

blood vessels under luminal epithelium

A

immune

inflammatory

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10
Q

Blastocyst hatches from ZP

A

trophectoderm bursts out of ZP becoming exposed and takes the ICM with it

leaves behind the ZP cavity

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11
Q

1 day after initiation of implantation

A

glands more prominent

reach past junctional zone and into the myometrium

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12
Q

early plantation

A

blastocyst invades the endometrium - luminal
the trophoblast invades the endometrium
then on top you have the ICM
then on top of ICM you have the flat monolayer trophectoderm layer

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13
Q

interstitial implantation

A

embryo embeds into endometrial stroma which thickens

determines placental development

progesterone-regulated differentiation of stomal cells - decidualisation

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14
Q

other animals implantation

A

remains within uterine cavity for nutrients

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15
Q

hCG

A

human chorionic gonadotrophin

polypeptide hormone

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16
Q

hCG functions

A

trophectoderm/ trophoblast produces the hCG from hatched blastocyst stage onwards

appears in measurable quantities - pregnancy tests

hCG rescues corpus luteum to keep producing progesterone

if implantation is too late then corpus luteum regresses and pregnancy fails

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17
Q

implantation window

A

4 days
1 week after LH peaks
knowledge from IVF
if hCG not present within 4 days then closure of receptive period for implantation

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18
Q

trophectoderm

A

outermost layer
gives rise to trophoblast
trophoblast is outermost layer of placenta

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19
Q

most likely to have a miscarriage

A

8-9 weeks after implantation

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20
Q

implantation failure

A

endometrial abnormalities - mother
chromosomal abnormalities - foetus
more common in humans than any other species

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21
Q

uterine lumen

A

small part of placenta that appears early on

whole remainder of pregnancy - embryo/ foetus/ placenta is encapsulated in uterine stroma (decidua)

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22
Q

decidualisation of endometrial stroma in early pregnancy

A

mouse also has decidualised interstitial implantation

uterus grows lots, becomes secretory due to enlarged ECM because of increase in progesterone

glandular epithelia is more prominent in humans than in mice

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23
Q

decidua

A

secretory tissue that helps the placenta become established

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24
Q

when does decidualisation fail

A

when there is no progesterone

KO of PR in mice

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25
10 days after fertilisation
decidualised stroma and glandular epithelium both produce secretory granules chorionic villi begin to form
26
first 11 weeks
all embryonic nutrition is local - glandular and stromal
27
early secondary villus stage
trophoblast is on outside mesenchyme is on inside - from ICM intervilli spaces begin to form
28
Trophoblast early signs
highly convoluted surface | high SA for exchange and transport
29
ninth week
embryo at stage where it transitions to foetus placenta much bigger than foetus
30
size at ninth week
25mm rump length measure using ultrasound
31
yolk sac
regresses as placenta takes over
32
16 weeks
foetus size catches up to placental size placenta starts to grow again but slowly
33
villous development and branching (4 things)
1. cytotrophoblast proliferation 2. differentiation and fusion to generate multi nucleated synctiotrophoblast 3. mesenchyme migration 4. formation of vascularised stromal core
34
synctiotrophoblast
outermost layer biggest cell in the body lots of nuclei per cell stretches all over placenta
35
cytotrophoblast
inner cells of placenta proliferate one daughter cell and one progenitor cell that becomes synctiotrophoblast to allow further growth of placenta
36
vascularisation
18-20 days after fertilisation capillaries found in placental mesenchyme when vascularised - tertiary villi
37
erythropoiesis
formation of new blood cells in 1st trimester
38
Hb in placenta
high affinity for oxygen
39
placenta at term
discoid 20-25cm diameter 3cm thick 400-750 g
40
amniotic fluid
surround foetus in placenta
41
placental vascular cast
blood vessels from placenta to umbilical cord are digested away shows blood cannot mix or will lead to immune attack
42
placental structure
vessels - chorionic plate vessels villous tree lobules maternal blood space
43
proliferative cytotrophoblast
Ki67 antibody shows that only cytotrophoblast is proliferative
44
1st trimester placental growth and development
continuous layer of cytotrophoblast extensive CT proliferation and fusion to form ST vascularisation begins
45
3rd trimester increased exchange efficiency
thin layer of trophoblast to reduce diffusion distance reduced diameter of villi thinning of ST and CT only covers 20% of villous highly vascularised - vasculosynctial membrane (VS)
46
protective barrier
ST
47
ST
highly specialised cell type barrier avoids immunological rejection of paternal antigens protection against pathogens, toxins and drugs
48
thalidomide
morning sickness drug doesnt complete ST development deformed babies
49
nutrient and gas exchange
foetus depends on oxygen and nutrient supply removal of waste products - CO2 and urea increasing requirement later in pregnancy
50
transcellular diffusion
oxygen/ Co2/ fatty acids
51
rate of diffusion
thickness of barrier surface area solubility
52
transcellular facilitated diffusion
GLUT1 - glucose glucose is hydrophilic concentration of glucose is higher in mother than in the foetus
53
active transport
amino acids facilitated by co-transport of Na+ selective and specific
54
endocytosis/ exocytosis
receptor mediated provides antibodies in foetus (IgE) in 2/3rd trimester
55
hormone production
ST makes lots of hormones secreted in maternal blood hPL
56
hPL
human placental lactogen
57
hPL function
prepares mother after pregnancy
58
progesterone (steroid hormone)
blockade used to induce termination primes endometrium endocrine switch - placenta takes over from CL prevent preterm labour removal of progesterone is essential for labour strengthens cervical mucus plug
59
estrogen (steroid hormone)
stimulates growth of myometrium | increases uterine blood flow
60
maternal metabolic adaptations
hPL, placental growth hormone and progesterone stimulate insulin resistance
61
insulin resistance (can cause DM)
reduces maternal glucose uptake glucose transfer to foetus prioritised rapid foetal growth
62
when is metabolism adapted in the mother
3rd trimester | gain of fat stores utilised later on
63
diagnostic purposes
shedding of placental fragments into maternal blood occurs throughout pregnancy includes foetal DNA

Human Repro (11 decks)

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