Lecture 10 - Genetics in Health-related Physical Fitness and Performance Flashcards
1
Q
How many gens have been found to relate to physical fitness and performance?
A
239 genes
2
Q
What are the health-related physical fitness and performance phenotypes
A
- Cardiorespiratory fitness
- Heart rate, blood pressure, blood size
- Endurance performance
- Muscle size, strength and endurance
- Body Composition
- Blood lipids, carbohydrate metabolism
3
Q
Is VO2max determined by your genes
A
VO2max depends on a large number of phenotypes associated primarily with functions of the heart, blood vessels and lung
4
Q
What is trainability
A
- the extent of change in a phenotype with exercise training
- for the same exercise physical activity regimen for 15-20 weeks - there is a 3-10 fold difference between high responders (large improvement) - the extent of variation depends on phenotype measured
- 75% of this variation in response to regular exercise cannot be explained (pre-training levels account for 10-25% of the variation improvements)
5
Q
Genes and muscle function rates
A
- 40% heritability for muscle strength
- 20-40% heritability for muscle endurance
- 50% muscle fibre type composition (% type I)
6
Q
Describe fast muscle fibres
A
- light (fast type 2)
- stronger - sprint
- good at developing tension in short space of time
7
Q
Describe slow muscle fibres
A
- Dark (slow type 1)
- work longer - endurance
- not good at generating tension in short space of time
8
Q
What percentage of variation in blood lipids and lipoproteins between individuals
A
50%
9
Q
What % is adult activity level is genetic
A
30%
10
Q
What are some limitations/issues
A
- tests only a few genes - physical performances is influences by several genes, and more genes than we know about and other factors including physical activity/exercise and training, nutrition
- ethical issues when a wide range of genes could be screened
11
Q
What are PPARs
A
- This is a fat oxidation for slow muscle
- it metabolises fat, regular functioning of slow twitch muscle fibres
12
Q
What is ACTN3
A
- provides information to make protein to regulate fast twitch muscle fibres - increased endurance and sprinting ability
13
Q
What is ACE
A
- hypertrophy of the heart and enhances metabolic efficiency
14
Q
What is GDF - 8
A
- A negative muscle growth regulator
- Contains Myostatin - a hormone/protein to control heart muscle growth - break on the growth
–> less myostatin = bigger muscles - regulates how many muscle fibres there are and the number, size and type (more fast twitch/ type2)
NOTE - if you have a mutation, then you lose control on the muscle growth
