Lecture 10 - Heart and Great Vessels

Question 1

what are the four main components of cardiovascular system?

Answer 1

• the heart (pump)
• arteries and veins (conducting vessels)
• capillaries (sites for exchange with the tissues)
• lymphatic vessels (drainage system)

Question 2

what are the three main functions of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 2

1) maintain homeostasis
2) transport
3) regulation of body temperature

Question 3

what are the four main types of transport carried out by the cardiovascular system?

Answer 3

1) metabolites and waste
2) hormones and signalling molecules
3) dissolved gases (O2 and CO2)
4) immune and inflammatory cells

Question 4

what are the two circuits of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 4

• pulmonary circuit to the lungs
• systemic circuit to the rest of the body

Question 5

the heart resides in the _____, a central region of the _____ within the rib cage and bounded on the left and right by the ______

Answer 5

mediastinum, thorax, lungs

Question 6

contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, and large blood vessels

Answer 6

mediastinum

Question 7

are the lungs a part of the mediastinum?

Answer 7

no

Question 8

forms a tough, fibrous protective sack for the heart

Answer 8

pericardium

Question 9

what are the two layers of the pericardium?

Answer 9

parietal pericardium and fibrous pericardium

Question 10

layer of the pericardium made of tough CT and does not stretch

Answer 10

fibrous pericardium

Question 11

layer of the pericardium made of smooth, flat epithelia that secretes fluid and reduces friction

Answer 11

parietal (serous) pericardium

Question 12

what are the three layers of the heart wall?

Answer 12

epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

Question 13

layer of the heart wall made of smooth epithelium that secretes fluid and interacts with parietal pericardium to reduce friction

Answer 13

epicardium

Question 14

layer of the heart wall made of unique cardiac cell tissue with varying thickness

Answer 14

myocardium

Question 15

layer of the heart wall made of smooth epithelia which prevents blood clotting

Answer 15

endocardium

Question 16

where is the apex of the heart?

Answer 16

tips of the ventricles (pointy part)

Question 17

where is the base of the heart?

Answer 17

where most of the vessels connect to the heart

Question 18

collects blood from the lower part of the body

Answer 18

inferior vena cava

Question 19

collects blood from the upper part of the body

Answer 19

superior vena cava

Question 20

receives deoxygenated blood from superior and inferior vena cava

Answer 20

right atrium

Question 21

the walls of the right atrium are made of a unique type of muscle called

Answer 21

pectinate muscle

Question 22

blood enters the right atrium through here (blood comes from the heart’s own blood supply)

Answer 22

coronary sinus

Question 23

area of the right atrium which can stretch to allow for more blood to enter (also has pectinate muscle)

Answer 23

atrial appendage (auricle)

Question 24

how thick are the walls of the right atrium?

Answer 24

not very

Question 25

what is the purpose of the heart valves?

Answer 25

prevent blood backflow

Question 26

attach leaflets of the atrioventricular valves to the papillary muscles

Answer 26

chordae tendinae

Question 27

how do atrioventricular valves work?

Answer 27

when ventricles contract, blood gets under the cusps and pushes them up and closed

Question 28

what is the is function of the papillary muscles and chordae tendinae?

Answer 28

prevents valves from flapping back into the atrium (keeps it at a horizontal)

Question 29

where is the tricuspid valve located?

Answer 29

between the right atrium and right ventricle

Question 30

how many leaflets or cusps does the semilunar valve have?

Answer 30

three

Question 31

how do the semilunar valves work?

Answer 31

when blood falls back, blood fills the sinuses and leaflets are pushed closed

Question 32

divides into the right and left pulmonary artery

Answer 32

pulmonary trunk

Question 33

where is the pulmnoary valve located?

Answer 33

between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Question 34

brings oxygenated blood back to the heart

Answer 34

pulmonary veins

Question 35

carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart

Answer 35

pulmonary arteries

Question 36

how many pulmonary arteries are there?

Answer 36

two

Question 37

how many pulmonary veins are there?

Answer 37

four

Question 38

the walls of the left atrium are made up of:

Answer 38

a smooth portion and a portion with pectinate muscle

Question 39

which valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?

Answer 39

mitral (bicuspid) valve

Question 40

how many leaflets does the mitral valve have?

Answer 40

two

Question 41

when the ventricles are relaxed, blood can ______, and contraction of the atria ______

Answer 41

continuously drip inside the ventricles, pushes the last bit inside

Question 42

when the left ventricle contracts, the bicuspid valve closes and blood passes through the:

Answer 42

aortic valve

Question 43

what are the two semilunar valves?

Answer 43

pulmonary and aortic valves

Question 44

as blood falls back in the aortic valve and fills the sinuses, a little spills into the:

Answer 44

coronary arteries

Question 45

should meet in the middle when the semilunar valves close

Answer 45

nodule

Question 46

what is special about all four valves in the heart?

Answer 46

they all align in the same horizontal plane

Question 47

walls that separate the right and left sides of the heart

Answer 47

cardiac septa

Question 48

what are the two types of cardiac septa?

Answer 48

interatrial septa and interventricular septa

Question 49

why is the musculature for the left ventricle thicker than the right?

Answer 49

because more force is needed to push blood to the body

Question 50

what are coronary vessels?

Answer 50

the vascular supply to the heart tissue

Question 51

where is the right coronary artery located?

Answer 51

in the coronary sulcus between the right atrium and ventricle

Question 52

where is the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery located?

Answer 52

in the coronary sulcus

Question 53

where is the anterior interventricular artery located?

Answer 53

runs along the anterior interventricular septum (feeds conduction system)

Question 54

where is the posterior interventricular artery located?

Answer 54

in posterior interventricular sulcus

Question 55

the coronary sinus collects _____ from the heart tissue and delivers it to the _____

Answer 55

deoxygenated blood, right atrium

Question 56

true or false: the conduction system in the heart is made up of nerve tissue

Answer 56

false, conductive cells are sepcialized myocardial cells optimized for spontaneous depolarization and transmission of electrical signals

Question 57

what is the function of gap junctions present between cardiac myocytes?

Answer 57

allow ion flow to synchronize muscle contraction and transmit electrical signal

Question 58

make up 99% of the myocardium and are responsible for contraction of the heart

Answer 58

contractile cells

Question 59

collection of conductive cells which fire at the fastest rate in the heart (makes them the pacemaker)

Answer 59

sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 60

the gatekeeper cells of the heart, pauses to allow the atria to contract before telling the ventricles to contract

Answer 60

atrioventricular (AV) node

Question 61

line of conductive cells which tells left atrium to contract at the same time as the right atrium

Answer 61

Bachmann's bundle

Question 62

what is the path of the conductive system through the heart?

Answer 62

SA node --> internodal tract/bachmann's bundle --> AV node --> bundle of His --> left and right bundle branch --> Purkinjie fibers

Question 63

what are the five main steps of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 63

1) atrial systole begins 2) atrial systole ends and atrial diastole begins 3) ventricular systole 4) ventricular diastole - early 5) ventricular diastole - late

Question 64

what is the "lub" sound of the heart?

Answer 64

the AV valves closing

Question 65

what is the "dub" sound of the heart?

Answer 65

semilunar valves closing

Question 66

by placing a stethoscope at specific areas of the chest, the sounds of the individual valves can be:

Answer 66

amplified

Question 67

what is the purpose of an electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)?

Answer 67

an assessment of electrical activity of the heart

Question 68

how many vessels are associated with the arch of the aorta?

Answer 68

3

Question 69

the vessels that stem from the arch of the aorta feed the:

Answer 69

head and upper limbs

Question 70

what are the three branches that stem from the aortic arch?

Answer 70

- brachiocephalic trunk - left common carotid artery - left subclavian artery

Question 71

the brachiocephalic trunk separates into:

Answer 71

the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery