Lecture 11/12/13: Invertebrates Flashcards
havent gone over lecture 11 or 13 (155 cards)
1
Q
what was the common ancestor between fungi and animals?
A
(probably) a colonial flagellated protists and may have resembles modern choanoflagellates
2
Q
what does zoology mean?
A
study of animals
3
Q
how do we define an animal?
A
- multicellular
- ingestive heterotrophs (absorb material and break it down for nutrients)
- don’t have cell walls (plasma membrane but no cell wall)
- two unique types of cells
- sexual reproduction
4
Q
what does heterotrophs mean?
A
can’t produce energy on their own, therefore need to consume something internally and break it down for energy
5
Q
how are the multicellular bodies of animals held together?
A
by extracellular structural proteins, especially COLLAGEN
6
Q
what do plant/fungi cells have that animal cells don’t?
A
cell walls
7
Q
animal cells have unique intercellular connections such as ___ ________, _____, and ____ _______.
A
tight junctions; desmosomes; gap junctions
8
Q
what are desmosomes? where can they be found? how do they help?
A
- special structures in animal cells that act like a glue to hold cells together
- found in tissues that experience a lot of stretching or stress (like skin or heart muscle)
- help keep cells firmly attached to each other, which provides strength and stability to the tissue
9
Q
what do the intercellular junctions in animal cells do?
A
they hold tissues together
10
Q
what are intercellular junctions made of?
A
structural proteins
11
Q
what are the two unique cell types of animals?
A
- NERVE cells: IMPULSE CONDUCTION. send and receive signals throughout your body to help you think/move/feel- body’s communication network
- MUSCLE (or muscle-like) cells: MOVEMENT. contractile and allow for movement of the animal
12
Q
what stage is usually dominating the life cycle of animals?
A
diploid stage
13
Q
most animals reproduce…
A
sexually
14
Q
what does embryology mean?
A
the study of the development of cells
15
Q
in most species, a small _______ ______ fertilizes a larger ________ ________
A
flagellated sperm; nonmotile egg
16
Q
what is a nonmotile egg?
A
an egg that cannot move on its own
17
Q
what does the zygote undergo that leads to the formation of a multicellular, hollow ball of cells called blastula?
A
cleavage; a succession (development) of mitotic cell divisions
18
Q
what are the multicellular, hollow ball of cells called?
A
blastula’s
19
Q
what happens during gastrulation?
A
SLIDE: part of the embryo folds inward which forms layers of embryonic tissues (and then develops into body parts)
CHAT: ball of cells starts to organize into layers, which later forms different body parts
20
Q
what’s the difference between gastrulation and gastrula?
A
GASTRULATION: the PROCESS where the embryo fold inward to form different layers of cells
GASTRULA: what the embryo is called during and after this process
21
Q
what is a larva?
A
a young, immature form that looks very different from the adult animal. Eats different food and may live in a different place than the adult
22
Q
what will larva eventually go though when it changes into adult form?
A
metamorphosis
23
Q
animals can be categorized by…
A
the symmetry of their bodies
24
Q
what are the types of animal body symmetry?
A
- Bilateral symmetry
- Radial symmetry
- Spherical symmetry
25
what animal has radial symmetry?
sea anemones
26
what does bilateral symmetry inquire?
- dorsal (top) side
- ventral (bottom) side
- left and right side
- anterior (head) end
- posterior (tail) end
27
what does the "dorsal" side mean?
refers to the back or upper side of the animal
- think of 'mon dos' in french means my back
28
what does the "ventral" side mean?
refers to the "belly" or underside of the animal
29
what does "anterior" mean?
- for humans, refers to the front of the body (face, chest, belly)
- for animals, refers to where the head-end is
30
what does "posterior" mean?
- for humans, refers to the back side of the body (spine or butt)
- for animals, refers to the where the tail-end is
31
what is linked with bilateral symmetry?
cephalization
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what is cephalization?
over time animals have evolved to have most of their sensory organs at the front or head. Along with this, the nervous system becomes more focused in the head, with a nerve cord running down toward the tail
33
the symmetry of an animal generally fits its ______
lifestyle
34
animals that move a lot are generally what type of symmetry?
bilateral
35
animals central nervous system allows them to...
coordinate complex movements such as crawling, burrowing, flying, swimming
36
how do you get different layers of cells?
when the cells fold over each other aka gastrulation
37
how many layers of embryonic tissue (germ layers) do animals have typically? how many do humans have?
2-3 (humans have 3)
38
what are the 3 germ layers called?
1. ectoderm
2. endoderm
3. mesoderm
39
animals that only have two germ layers are called....
diploblastic
40
what is the ectoderm?
the OUTER germ layer of an embryo of animal cells.
- eventually forms the skin/outer covering of the body
- in some animals, it also helps form central nervous system
41
if you have three layers, what is it called?
tripoblastic
42
what is the endoderm?
the INNERMOST layer of an embryo of animal cells
- forms the inside lining of the digestive system
- creates organs like the liver and lungs in animals with back bones (vertebrates)
43
what's the difference between vertebrates and invertebrates?
Vertebrates have a backbone or spine (like humans, bird, fish and reptiles), where invertebrates do not have a back bone. Example: insects, worms, jellyfish, and snails
44
what is the mesoderm?
the layer that lies between the endo and ectoderm layers of an animal cell embryo.
- develops into the muscles and most other organs between the digestive tube and the outer covering of the animal
45
what does pseudo mean?
they have a body cavity but it isn't lined with mesoderm
46
what does the fluid in the pseudocoelom act as?
hydrostatic skeleton and a circulatory system
47
what are the three phyla of lophophorate animals?
1. Ectoprotca
2. Phoronida
3. Brachiopoda
48
what is the shape of lophophore?
horseshoe-shaped or circular fold of the body wall that has ciliated tentacles
49
what do the ciliated tentacles do?
bring food (nutrients) to mouth
50
what type of worms have bodies much like those of flatworms?
proboscis worms or ribbon worms
51
whats different between the bodies of ribbon worms and flatworms?
ribbon worms have a small fluid-filled sac that is a reduced version of a true coelom
52
what is a coelom?
a flexible space inside the body that holds organs and provides them with room to function without being compressed/damaged (body cavity lined by the mesodermal tissue)
53
nearly all nemerteans are _____, but there are still some that inhabit _____ freshwater or damp soil, as some are swimmer and some are burrowers.
marine
54
what do nemerteans not have in their body?
a heart
55
how is the blood moved around in a nemertean?
the blood is propelled by muscles squeezing the vessels
56
what is a proboscis?
something the worm uses to capture prey; muscular, tube-like extension they push out of their mouth
57
what are examples of molluscs?
- scallops
- snails
- slugs
- octopus
- clam
- squid
- oyster
- mussel
58
what are the characteristics of mollusca?
- marine or terrestrial
- soft-bodied
- some are protected by hard shell
- similar body plan
59
where could i find molluscs?
anywhere. (marine, fresh water, terrestrial)
60
even though all molluscs look different, they have a similar body plan. What does this body plan include?
- muscular foot (for movement)
- visceral mass (to hold internal organs)
- mantle (shell)
61
what is the hard shell of mollusca made of?
calcium carbonate
62
how do many molluscs (like snails and slugs) feed?
by using a tongue-like organ with tiny teeth, aka radula, to scrape up food
63
what is the tongue-like organ on snails called?
radula
64
all annelids have ______ bodies
segmented ("little rings")
65
where do annelids live?
moist environments (for gas exchange): sea, frshwater habitats, or damp soil
66
what are the 3 class that divide the phylum annelida?
1. Oligochaeta (earthworms)
2. Polychaeta (polychaetes)
3. Hirundinea (leeches)
67
Oligochaetes are named for their...
relatively sparse chaetae or bristles made of chitin
68
what is chaetae?
small, bristle-like structures found on the bodies of segmented worms.
- help with movement by grip and traction as the worm crawls through soil or swims
69
how do earthworms eat?
eat their way through soil, extracting nutrients as the soil passes through the alimentary canal
70
what are worm 'castings'?
their feces
70
earthworms till the soil, enriching it with their _______.
castings
71
what are nematodes?
non-segmented (pseudocoelomates) worms. round, with tough cuticle
72
where are nematodes found?
- most aquatic habitats
- wet soil
- moist tissues of plants
- the body fluids/tissues of animals
73
as the worm grows (nematodes), what happens?
it sheds its old cuticle periodically and develops a new/larger one
74
why are nematodes good in a way?
they decompose organic matter in the bottom of lakes and oceans (good cleaners/nutrient recyclers)
75
what are arthopods? give example
segmented coelomates that have an exoskeleton and jointed appendages; butterfly, spider, lobster, scorpions, crabs
76
what is the most successful phylum (animals)?
phylum arthropoda
77
why are arthopodes so successful?
three reasons:
1. body segmentation
2. a hard exoskeleton
3. jointed appendages
78
what do the groups of segments and appendages permit?
efficient division of labour among regions
79
what is the exoskeleton of arthopodes made of?
layers of protein and chitin
80
what phylum are sea stars (starfish) in?
Echinodermata
81
where does echinodermata get its name?
chino = spiny
derma = skin
-> spiny skin
82
what kind of symmetry do echinoderms have?
radial symmetry (but not perfectly)
83
what does the skin of sea stars look/feel like?
prickly from skeletal bumps
84
"star fish" are actually referred to as...
sea stars
85
how many arms are typically found on echinderms?
5
86
what do the tube feet of echinoderms function as?
locomotion, feeding and gas exchange. act like a suction disk
87
what are some other examples of echinoderms?
- sea cucumbers
- sea urchins
- feather stars
- sea lilies
- brittle stars
88
whats another way bilateral animals can be distinguished (separated)?
based on whether or not they have body cavity
89
what is a body cavity?
a fluid-filled space inside an animals body that separates the organs from the outer body wall
90
what is a true coelom?
a body cavity formed from tissue derived from mesoderm
91
what are animals with a true coelom called?
coelomates
92
some animals have a body cavity formed from _____, rather than mesoderm. what is this type of cavity called?
blastocel; pseudocel
93
what does the word "pseudocoel" mean?
false coelom
94
what are the animals called that have pseudocoel (body cavity that is not lined with mesoderm tissue)?
pseudocoelomates
95
animals without any body cavity are called...
acelomates
96
what are the functions of a body cavity? (3)
1. cushions internal organs which helps to prevent internal injury
2. can act as a skeleton for muscles to push against
3. lets internal organs grow and move without affecting the outer body
97
what're the 2 developmental modes for animals?
1. protostome development
2. deuterostome development
98
what're the differences between the two developmental modes? (protostome vs deuterestome)
1. cleavage pattern
2. coelom formation
3. blastopore fate
99
what is the cleavage pattern difference between protostome dev. and deuterostome dev.?
PROT:
- SPIRAL cleavage (cells divide diagonally to the vertical egg axis)
- DETERMINATE cleavage (fate of the cell is determined in early dev.). if the cell is separated from the rest of the embryo it cannot develop into a complete embryo on its own b/c its fate has already been decided
DEUT:
- RADIAL cleavage (cells divide parallel or perp. to vertical egg axis)
- INDETERMINATE cleavage (cells still has potential in the early embryo to develop into a complete embryo)
100
what is the difference between the dev. of archenteron of prots vs deuts?
PROTS:
schizocoelous dev. looks like the outline of a tree with a sac on the bottom of the stem
DEUTS:
enterocoelous dev. looks like the outline of a bunny
101
explain the schizocoelous dev
masses of mesoderm split to create the coelom
102
explain the enterocoelous dev.
mesoderm pinches off from the wall of the archenteron (the developing gut) and hollows out
103
what is blastopore?
the opening of the archenteron (developing digestive gut)
- depending on the type of animal, blastopore can develop into either the mouth or anus
104
what is archenteron? what is it also known as?
a blind pouch inside of the embryo
- "developing digestive tube/gut"
105
in protostomes, the blastopore usually develops into the mouth or anus first?
mouth
106
in deuterostomes, the blastopore usually develops into the mouth or anus first?
anus
107
where do invertebrates inhabit?
nearly all environments on earth
108
what is the phylum Porifera commonly known as?
sponges
109
where do sponges live?
freshwater and marine environments
110
how do sponges eat (what type of feeder)?
suspension feeders: they eat nutrients that come from water passing through food-trapping equipment. don't hunt
111
what lines the spongocoel and creates a flow of water through the sponge with their flagella and trap food with their collars?
flagellated chaonocytes or collar cells
112
what are oscula?
the large openings or exit pores in a sponge's body through which water flows out after it has been filtered for food
113
what does the body of a simple sponge resemble?
sac perforated with holes
114
what is the central cavity of a sponge called?
spongocoel
115
what do sponges lack?
true tissues
116
what are the two cell layers in the body of a sponge separated by?
the mesohyl: a gelatinous region
117
what can be found wandering through the mesohyl of sponges?
amoebocytes
118
what are the function of amoebocytes (found in the mesohyl of sponges)?
- transport/digest nutrients
- make the sponge's skeleton (skeletal fibres within the mesohyl)
119
what are the two types of skeletal fibres that amoebocytes secrete?
1. sharp spicules: made of calcium carbonate or silica
2. flexible fibres: made from spongin (collagen protein)
120
most sponges are sequential hermaphordites, meaning...
they produce sperm and eggs at different times.
121
where does the sperm and eggs (gametes) come from for sponges?
special cells call chaonocytes and amoebocytes
122
all animals that have true tissues belong to the _______ (sub-kingdom under animalia)
Eumetazoa
123
what's an example of an animal from the Phylum Cnidaria?
jellyfish, corals, hydras, sea anemones
124
what are Cnidarians known for?
their simple body structure and their ability to sting
125
what does the basic cnidarian body plan look like? how many variations are there?
sac with a central digestive compartment. two variations:
1. sessile polyp (like a cylinder that can't move)
2. floating medusa (like a jellyfish)
126
what is the central digestive cavity in cnidarian's?
gastrovascular cavity
127
how do polyps eat (since they can't move)?
extend their tentacles and wait for prey
128
how do medusa move?
by drifting passively and by extracting their bell-shaped bodies
129
the tentacles of a jelly dangle from the ______ _______
oral surface
130
what are the tentacles of cnidarians covered in to help catch prey?
cnidocytes
131
what are the organelles inside cnidocytes that are the stinging capsules called?
nematocysts
132
when the cnidarians mouth is close, the gastrovascular cavity acts as a ______ ______
hydrostatic skeleton
133
during which explosion did most major groups of bilaterians emerge?
Cambrain explosion
134
whats an example of an acoelomate with gastrovascular cavities?
flatworms
135
where can i find a flatworm?
marine, freshwater and damp terrestrial habitats
136
are flatworms tripoblastic?
yes
137
what do flatworms lack?
a coelom
138
how do tapeworms eat (since they lack a digestive system)?
absorb nutrients directly through their skin
139
why are flatworms flat?
so that all cells are close to water for gas exchange and waste removal by diffusion
140
what does excretory system of flatworms use?
flame bulbs
141
what are flame bulbs?
help with fluid balance by moving waste out of body
142
what are rotifers?
pseudocoelomates with jaws crowns of cilia and complete digestive tracts
143
where could i find rotifers?
freshwater, sea or in damp soil
144
do rotifers have a separate mouth and anus
yes
145
in rotifers, what does the pseudocoelom also serve as?
circulatory system
146
what does the word "rotifer" refer to?
"wheel-bearer". refers to the crown of cilia that create a water current to pull in food to the mouth
147
what are the jaws of rotifers called?
trophi
148
what are lophoporates?
group of animals (coelomate) that has lophophore
149
what is lophophore?
a feeding STRUCTURE with ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth and help pull in water for feeding.
150
how do earthworms develop their eggs?
two earthworms exchange sperm and then is stored while the clitellum produces a mucous cocoon. As the cocoon moves along the earthworms body, it collects eggs and the stored sperm, then slips off into the soil, where the eggs will develop
151
earthworms are hermaphrodites, meaning they....
have both male and female reproductive organs
152
why are most echinoderms (sea stars) prickly?
from skeletal bumps and spines that have various functions
153
where do the internal and external parts of echinoderms radiate from?
from the center
154
what's the difference between gastrulation and cleavage?
gastrulation purpose: to make new body parts by the blastula cell folding inward on itself. creates gastula
cleavage purpose: to make as many new cells within the same original volume. creates blastula
