Lecture 11 Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
Boundaries of the abdominal cavity
A
Diaphragm cranially and levator ani and coccygeus muscles caudally
2
Q
Two divisions of the abdominal cavity
A
Abdominal cavity proper and pelvic cavity
3
Q
Contents of the abdominal cavity
A
Viscera, blood vessels and nerves, and the peritoneum.
4
Q
Where does the abdominal cavity extend into and why?
A
Into the rib cage so that many abdominal organs (particularly foregut derivatives) are protected by the ribs.
5
Q
Function of the greater/false pelvis
A
Protects the lower abdominal organs
6
Q
What part of the abdominal cavity contains criss-crossing muscle fibers, and what is their function?
A
The anterior and lateral abdominal walls contain crisscrossing muscle fibers, which provide essential protection to this region that contains soft tissue and vital viscera.
7
Q
How many horizontal and vertical planes divide the abdomen?
A
2 horizontal and 2 vertical
8
Q
Name of the horizontal planes
A
Subcostal (costal cartilage 10), and the transtubecular (iliac tubercles of iliac crest).
9
Q
Name of vertical planes
A
Midclavicular planes
10
Q
Where do the midclavicular planes extend from?
A
From the middle of the clavicle to the midpoint between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis.
11
Q
Name the 6 regions of the abdominal cavity
A
A) Right hypochondriac (liver), epigastric (stomach), left hypochondriac (spleen) regions.
B) Right lumbar (right kidney), umbilical (transverse colon), and left lumbar regions (left kidney) regions.
C) Right inguinal (iliac) appendix, hypogastric (small intestine), and left inguinal (sigmoid colon) regions.
12
Q
What’s in the Right hypochondriac ?
A
Liver
13
Q
What’s in the epigastric?
A
Stomach
14
Q
What’s in the left hypochondriac?
A
Spleen
15
Q
What’s in the right lateral region?
A
Right kidney
16
Q
What’s in the umbilical region?
A
Transverse colon
17
Q
What’s in the left lumbar region?
A
Left kidney
18
Q
What’s in the right inguinal?
A
Appendix
19
Q
What’s in the hypogastric?
A
Small Intestine
20
Q
What’s in the left inguinal?
A
Sigmoid colon
21
Q
Planes used by clinicians to divide the abdomen into four quadrants for pain or tumor localization
A
Transumbilical and median plane
22
Q
Where is the peritoneal cavity formed from?
A
Intraembryonic coelomic cavity
23
Q
The peritoneal cavity is between which peritoneums?
A
Parietal and visceral
24
Q
Name the organs in the peritoneal cavity
A
TRICK QUESTION –> there are none :)
25
True or false: abdominal and peritoneal cavity is synonymous
False
26
Peritoneum definition
A serous membrane (a thin layer of connective tissue covered by simple squamous epithelium, histologists call it a mesothelium)
27
2 layers of peritoneum in the abdominal cavity
Parietal and visceral
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The peritoneum that's under extraperitoneal fat and transversalis fascia.
Parietal peritoneum
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The peritoneums that forms the external shiny covering over the abdominal organs
Visceral peritoneum
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A double layer of peritoneum, which encloses an organ and connects it to body wall.
Mesentery
31
A double layer of peritoneum connecting an organ to another organ or to the body wall
Peritoneal ligament
32
Example of peritoneal ligament
Falsiform ligament
33
An organ which only slightly or partially protrudes into the peritoneal cavity.
Retroperitoneal
34
What do retroperitoneal organs lack?
Mesenteries
35
2 types of retroperitoneal classfications
Primarily and Secondarily Retroperitoneal
36
Primarily retroperitoneal
Organs which develop without a mesentery.
37
Example of a primarily retroperitoneal organ
Kidneys
38
Secondarily retroperitoneal
Organs that develop in a mesentery which is then reabsorbed
39
Examples of Secondarily retroperitoneal organs
Pancreas, duodenum, ascending and descending colon
40
Which organ caused the pancreas and duodenum to be pushed against the back wall causing the mesoduodenum to fuse with the posterior body wall?
Liver
41
What event caused the ascending/descending colon to be cemented along the posterior body wall and the mesentery reabsorbed?
Gut rotation
42
What are Recesses ?
Subdivision of the peritoneal cavity, usually blind ended sacs, such as the subphrenic and the hepatorenal recess.
43
Boundaries of the hepatorenal pouch
The liver, the right kidney, the colon, and the duodenum.
44
What represents the lowest point of the peritoneal cavity when a patient is lying down.?
Hepatorenal pouch
45
The vermiform appendix usually lies in this recess.
Rectrocecal recess
46
2 divisions of the peritoneal cavity
Peritoneal cavity proper (AKA the greater sac) and the omental bursa (AKA the lesser sac)
47
Main or larger part of the peritoneal cavity.
Peritoneal cavity proper/greater sac
48
A subdivision of the peritoneal cavity between stomach and posterior abdominal wall.
Omental bursa/lesser sac
49
Allows for communication between the omental bursa and the peritoneal cavity proper
The epiploic foramen of Winslow
50
Another name for the epiploic foramen of Winslow
Omental foramen
51
Lateral ligaments that bind the omental bursa
Gastrosplenic and lineorenal ligament.
52
Organ anterior to the omental bursa
Stomach
53
Organ posterior to the omental bursa
Pancreas
54
Name the 3 recesses of the omental bursa
(A) A superior recess, between the liver and the diaphragm.
(B) A main portion, behind the stomach.
(C) An inferior recess between the double layers of the gastrocolic ligament.
55
Which omental recess goes away in the adult?
Inferior recess
56
What forms the median umbilical fold?
The urachus
57
What is the urachus a remnant of?
The allantois
58
Function of the urachus
Connects the urinary bladder to the anterior body wall.
59
What is the medial umbilical fold a remnant of?
Umbilical arteries
60
Which artery travels through the lateral umbilical fold?
Inferior epigastric artery
61
From which two structures does the falciform ligament run?
Umbilicus to liver
62
What does the falciform ligament contain?
Ligamentum teres hepatis or remnant of umbilical vein
63
The falciform ligament is a remnant of which mesentery?
Central mesentery
64
Functions of the named mesenteries attached to the posterior body wall?
Transport vessels, nerves, and lymphatics, allow for mobility of the intestine.
65
Name the three named mesenteries associated with the intestines
Mesentery proper
Transverse Mesocolon
Sigmoid mesocolon
66
Function of Mesentery Proper
Suspends jujenum and ileum from posterior wall
67
Function of transverse mesocolon
Suspends transverse colon
68
Function of sigmoid mesocolon
Attaches to sigmoid colon and suspends it from the posterior body wall.
69
Which mesentery is the omentum derived from?
Primitive mesentery
70
Function of omentum
Attaches stomach and proximal duodenum to the body wall.
71
2 divisions of the omentum
Greater and Lesser Omenta
72
How many layers of the greater omentum?
Originally 4, but 2 disintegrate
73
From where does the greater omentum suspend?
From the greater curvature of the stomach
74
Function of the greater omentum?
Localizes infections and is the "policeman of the GI tract."
75
Ligaments that make up the greater omentum
Gastrocolic ligament and gastrophrenic
76
The greater omentum is a derivative of which mesentery?
The dorsal mesentery of the embryo.
77
The lesser omentum is a derivative of which mesentery?
Ventral mesentery of the embryo with the falciform ligament.
78
Attachments of the lesser omentum?
Lesser curvature and dorsal surface of the stomach.
79
Ligaments of the lesser omentum?
Hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligaments.
80
Four depressions or pathways for the conduction of fluids and infections which are formed by the attachments of the meseneteries of the SI, ascending and descending colon.
Peritoneal gutters
81
The mesenteries of which parts of the colon get resorbed?
Ascending and Descending
82
Name the 4 peritoneal gutters
Right and left lateral paracolic gutters, the gutter to the right of the mesentery and the gutter to the left of the mesentery
83
Which gutter serves as a pathway for infection from the hepatorenal pouch into the pelvis?
Right lateral paracolic gutter
84
What are ligaments?
Organ to organ attachments
85
Attachments of Gastrosplenic ligament?
Stomach to spleen.
86
Attachments of Gastrophrenic ligament
Stomach to diaphragm
87
What is the esophageal hiatus?
Where the esophagus pierces the diaphragm at vertebral level T10.
88
What is the cardiac orifice?
Where the esophagus enters the stomach
89
The arterial supply of the abdominal portion of the esophagus
Esophageal branches from the left gastric artery of celiac trunk and left inferior phrenic artery
90
Stomach is in which quadrant?
Upper left
91
2 curvatures of the stomach
Greater and Lesser
92
Left border of the stomach, notched where the esophagus enters it (the cardiac notch).
Greater curvature
93
Right border, at its pyloric end is the angular notch.
Lesser Curvature
94
Name the 4 regions of the stomach
1) Cardiac
2) Fundus
3) Body
4) Pylorus
95
What's the Cardiac Region of the Stomach?
Region joining the esophagus.
96
Region superior and left of cardiac antrum demarcated by a horizontal plane through the cardiac orifice.
Fundus
97
Major portion of the stomach.
Body
98
The “gatekeeper” of the stomach
Pylorus
99
Separated from body by the angular notch of the stomach.
Pylorus
100
Divided into pyloric antrum (wider) and pyloric canal, which ends with a very thick band of smooth muscle (the pyloric sphincter).
Pylorus
101
Arterial supply of the stomach
Celiac trunk
102
It’s a C-shaped loop of the small intestine
Duodenum
103
4 parts of the SI
(1) Superior part
(2) Descending part
(3) Horizontal part
(4) Ascending part
104
Completely retroperitoneal parts of the SI.
ascending and descending SI
105
What vertebral level does the duodenum start?
L1
106
Which vert level does the descending SI go?
L3
107
Which vert level does the ascending SI go?
L2
108
Which vert level does the horizontal part stay at?
L3
109
Which parts of the duodenum are supplied by branches of the superior mesenteric artery and are part of the embryonic midgut.
Superior and descending
110
What is the ampulla of Vater (hepatopancreatic ampulla)?
Where the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct enter the descending portion of the duodenum.
It's an outgrowth on the outside of the duodenum
111
What marks the opening of the pancreatic and common bile ducts on the inside of the duodenum?
Major duodenal papilla
112
The duodenum is both _____ and ____.
Foregut and midgut
113
Arterial supply of the duodenum
Receives branches of both celiac and superior mesenteric arteries.
114
This omentum covers the jejunum and ileum
greater omentum
115
The jejunum lies mostly in which abdominal region?
Umbilical
116
The ileum lies mostly in which abdominal region?
Hypogastric and inguinal regions
117
The jejunum is more ____ than the ileum
muscular
118
Intestinal arteries from the superior mesenteric form ______ _______ from which straight vessels called ____ _____ arise.
arterial arcades; vasa recta
119
The the arterial arcades are more complex and the vasa recta shorter in which part of the SI?
Ileum
120
What are Plicae circulares?
Spiral folds of mucous membrane in the jejunum and ileum
121
Where are plicae circulares more pronounced?
More pronounced in the jejunum and more spaced in the ileum.
122
Artierial supply of jejunum and ileum?
Branches of superior mesenteric artery.
123
Name the parts of the LI
Made of cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum.
124
Which parts of the LI have a mesentery?
The transverse colon and sigmoid colon
125
Where does the LI begin?
ileocecal junction
126
When does the descending colon become sigmoid colon?
when it crosses the pelvic brim
127
Name the 3 distinguishing features that the LI has that the SI doesn't.
1) Taenia coli
2) Haustra
3) Appendice epiploicae
128
What are taenia coli?
Longitudinal muscle layer is incomplete, forms three stripes on surface.
129
What are Haustra?
Sacculations of the large intestine.
130
What are appendice epiploicae?
Fat-filled peritoneal sacs, can become filled with waste in diverticulosis.
131
What is a flexure?
A bend or curve
132
Name the 2 flexures of the LI
Hepatic and Splenic
133
Hepatic Flexure
Goes from ascending to transverse colon
134
Splenic flexure
Goes from transverse colon to descending colon
135
Arterial supply of the LI
Branches of superior and inferior mesenteric arteries
136
Where does the rectum being and end?
L3 to anal canal
137
What's a gastric ulcer?
Lesions of the wall of the stomach
138
Which artery can be eroded by gastric ulcers and cause severe hemorrhage?
Splenic artery
139
What may break through and cause severe hemorrhage and release of stomach contents into the omental bursa?
Gastric ulcers
140
Common cause of abute abdomen in adults?
Appendicitis
141
Ascites
The effusion of the peritoneal cavity with fluid
142
Peritonitis
An inflammation of the peritoneal cavity
143
Adhesions
Scar tissue connecting parietal and visceral peritoneum.
