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LECTURE 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

Adapting conservation strategies & management for climate change is critical

Conservation strategies include (3)

A

Conservation strategies include:

Protected Areas

Connectivity and conservation on productive lands

Species management (e.g. translocations, rescue)

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2
Q

What is the problem with using protected areas as a conservation strategy?

A

Problem with Protected Areas:

The boundaries are fixed!

BUT species ranges are dynamic!

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3
Q

Protected Areas and Range Shifts

Climate change can result in

A

Range shifts out of protected areas

Range shifts into protected areas

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4
Q

Protected Areas and Range Shifts

_______ ______ matters

A

Rear edge matters!

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5
Q

Protected Areas and Range Shifts

Why does the rear edge matter?

A

The rear edge mattes because

Most stable in ice age cycles

Acted as refuge in past cold periods

Have highest genetic richness

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6
Q

Protected Areas and Range Shifts

Describe an example of rear edge.

A

Cold-sensitive, drought tolerant species!

  • Pattern of low global extinction NOT found at regional level
  • Most populations went extinct in Europe (glacial periods)
  • Species that persisted did so in trailing edge populations (rear edge matters!) in Mediterranean

Long term warming; rear edge populations at risk

  • Rear edge populations rescued things from the Pleistocene from going extinct
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7
Q

Protected Areas and Range Shifts

Aside from rear edge, what is another aspect that matters when considering protected areas?

Metapopulation range shift with respect to a protected area

A

Area of Occupancy (AO)

  • you want to protect the healthy populations (the sources and not the sinks where recruitment is low)
  • small populations might be sinks so it would be more effective to reserve the larger ones (indicative of health and size of population)
  • modeling is playing a huge role in this
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8
Q

Protected Areas and Range Shifts

Protected areas are most efficient when they…

A

Maximize suitable habitat for species now

Account for impacts of climate change in future

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9
Q

Protected Areas and Range Shifts

Multiple protected areas

A

1000+ species will move out of reserves by 2050

  • Mediterranean shrubs (South Africa)
  • Plants and animals (Europe and Mexico)
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10
Q

Protected Areas and Range Shifts

What can be done to reverse this trend of species moving out of reserves?

A

Adding more reserves can reverse this trend!

Setting up more than one protected area

*lots of SDMs being run to see where species are moving

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11
Q

Protected Areas and Range Shifts

Multiple protected areas

What makes it hard to pick which areas to protect multiple species at once?

A

Because species respond to climate change differently

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12
Q

Protected Areas and Range Shifts

T or F: All species move in the direction that we predict.

A

False: Not all species move in the direction that we predict.

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13
Q

Protected-Area System Design

Designing protected area systems for climate change is part of _______ ____ _______

A

Designing protected area systems for climate change is part of plan for persistence

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14
Q

Protected-Area System Design

Plans need to include:

A

Pattern and process targets

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15
Q

Protected-Area System Design

Plans need to include pattern and process targets.

What are pattern targets?

A

Pattern targets - species/habitat types that preserve the pattern of the landscape

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16
Q

Protected-Area System Design

Plans need to include pattern and process targets.

What are process targets?

A

Process targets - capture temporal phenomena

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17
Q

Protected-Area System Design

What is the key driver for cost-effective planning?

A

Irreplaceability is a key driver for cost-effective planning.

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18
Q

Protected-Area System Design

What are irreplaceable sites?

A

Species are endemic to that site.

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19
Q

Protected-Area System Design

Picking sites for high irreplaceability (increases or decreases) the area needed within the system.

A

Picking sites for high irreplaceability DECREASES the area needed within the system.

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20
Q

Protected-Area System Design

Climate change impacts ____ and ____

A

Climate change impacts PATTERN and PROCESS

Pattern impacts = species distribution patterns altered, endemism can shift, patterns of irreplaceability can be impacted

Process impacts = changes in phenology

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21
Q

If an endemic is found in a site and this species is found nowhere else, then how irreplaceable is this site.

A

100% irreplaceable

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22
Q

Planning for Persistence

Two things to account for planning for persistence (R and R)

A

Resistance and Resilience

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23
Q

Planning for Persistence

Resistance and Resilience

What is a resistant species/site?

A

Resistant species or sites are less damaged by climate change

i. e. species with broad physiological tolerances
i. e. sites that are sheltered in unique microclimates

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24
Q

Planning for Persistence

Resistance and Resilience

What is a resilient species/site?

A

Resilient species or sites recover well from damage

i. e. species with high reproductive potential or good dispersal ability
i. e. sites that have high seed rain that allows plants to re-establish easily

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25
A species with high reproductive potential is said to be ______.
resilient
26
Sites that are sheltered by unique microclimates are said to be _____.
resistant
27
If two areas with similar irreplaceability are under consideration, how do you prioritize?
If have two areas with similar irreplaceability under consideration, then protection more effective if focus on more resistant / resilient area
28
Areas with 100% irreplaceability (endemics) need to be _____.
Areas with 100% irreplaceability (endemics) need to be prioritized!
29
Marine Protected Areas How are corals resistant/resilient to bleaching on a broad-scale?
Broad-scale Cool currents / upwellings = cooler water temps. Previous exposure to bleaching = survivors were more resistant / resilient
30
How are corals resistant/resilient to bleaching on a site-management level?
Local upwellings / currents = increase resilience locally Physical shading = cooler waters
31
How are corals resistant/resilient to bleaching on a site-management level?
Local upwellings / currents = increase resilience locally Physical shading = cooler waters
32
Resilient reefs are
Resilient reefs are sources of recolonization.
33
Resistant reefs are where
Zooxanthellae can colonize damaged reefs / increase resilience
34
What are MPAs?
Marine Protected Areas
35
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) Zoning map for great barrier reef marine park There was extensive coral bleaching within the park. What was done in response?
In response, a zoning plan was put in place. Tourism was excluded from these recovering areas Allows damaged areas to recover Incorporates impacts of climate change into other management objectives
36
Give an example of climate change and MPAs. Loss of sea ice in North Bering Sea
Loss of sea ice in North Bering Sea - retreat of sea ice had major ecological implications - more productive food webs in water column - loss of energy and nutrients entering benthic region - mollusks replaced by brittle stars - walrus and speckled eider feed on benthic community (brittle stars = less nutritional) - loss of sea ice = more energy required (swimming in water and foraging deeper to find mollusks) BOTH populations declined
37
Give an example of climate change and MPAs. Loss of sea ice in North Bering Sea
Cold water sill on ocean floor near St. Lawrence Island - Prevents ground fish from entering North Bering Sea - Breaking down as water temps increase - Once gone, ground fish will compete for benthic food Bottom-trawling fisheries will follow groundfish - Disruption to ocean floor = increased loss of mollusk - Additional pressure on already stressed system MPA needs to be established to protect benthic habitat = maintain food sources for walrus & eiders Cannot reverse sea loss impacts from ocean warming Can prevent exacerbation of declines due to trawling
38
Give an example of climate change and MPAs. Loss of sea ice in North Bering Sea MPA needs to be established to protect benthic habitat = maintain food sources for walrus & eiders T or F: Cannot reverse sea loss impacts from ocean warming Can prevent exacerbation of declines due to trawling
TRUE Cannot reverse sea loss impacts from ocean warming Can prevent exacerbation of declines due to trawling
39
If you increase the number of protected areas, this helps to ____
If you increase the number of protected areas, helps compensate for protection losses due to range shifts
40
T or F: For many species, there is not enough scientific knowledge to identify future protection areas and come up with management plans.
False! For many species, there IS enough scientific knowledge to identify future protection areas and come up with management plans.
41
What is connectivity?
Connectivity is habitat protected areas for conservation.
42
What are the four types of connectivity?
Total connectivity Partial connectivity Intensive connectivity Extensive connectivity
43
What does it mean by total connectivity? Give an example.
Total connectivity - corridors that connect two protected areas i.e. natural forest corridors
44
What does it mean by partial connectivity? Give an example.
Partial connectivity - managing human use areas to provide connectivity i.e. shade grown coffee
45
What does it mean by intensive connectivity?
Intensive – narrow corridors of connection
46
What does it mean by extensive connectivity?
Extensive – broad landscapes of conservation-friendly managed areas that connect multiple protect areas
47
Why establish connectivity?
Protects area-demanding species (e.g. large carnivores) ↑ geneflow between protected populations Allows for future range shifts (also dispersal to new areas)
48
T or F: Forests in England are much more intact that Canadian forests. Therefore, it is more possible to have high connectivity in the UK.
False - Canadian forests are more intact (not pristine but better than the UK which has agricultural fields)
49
Large distance connectivity is _____
Large distance connectivity is unlikely.
50
Large distance connectivity is unlikely. Why?
Most landscapes impacted by human use Unlikely for species in future to find corridors not impacted by human activity Problem avoided if we mitigate climate change
51
Connectivity: What is the problem of edge habitat?
Corridors have ↑ edge / core habitat Land near corridors = human disturbance Avenues for invasive edge species / disease / pests
52
Connectivity needs depend on what?
Connectivity needs depend on the species involved.
53
Connectivity needs depend on the species involved. What are area-demanding species?
Area-demanding species - Large animals / top carnivores with large home ranges (multiple habitats) - Climate change can impact different habitats in different ways
54
What is the poster child for connectivity?
the Jaguar Jaguar and the landscape species concept Jaguars are the poster child for connectivity To give them a large enough home range These are fairly solitary until they need a mate and then go back to their home range You have to make sure the males and females can find each other so the species persists You can’t just protect one area; you have to protect all the area range This is called the landscape approach
55
Predators keep prey in check. What are two examples of this?
Bottom up – something that impacts productivity (primary producers); increase in primary producers, more food for primary consumers, etc. Top down – impacting top of the food chain Tertiary predators go down, less food is eaten, secondary consumers go up, less primary consumers, primary producers go up (down, up, down, up) Predators keep the prey in check so the primary producer level is up and happy; populations of prey don’t go through really large fluctuations Help them persist long term Larger fluctuations = more likely to go extinct
56
Example: Yellowstone National Park when wolves were reintroduced (after being absent for 70 years)
Wolves arrived (although few in number) = apex predators (impacted by humans) Radically changed the behaviour of deer (avoiding areas of the park like valleys and gorges where they were likely to be killed) which allowed those areas to regenerate Beavers (ecosystem engineers) building dams, creating habitat for ducks and fish Wolves killed coyotes; number of rabbits and mice began to rise (more eagles, bears more berries on regenerating) Bears reinforce impact of wolves Important to maintain them! Wolves changed behaviour of the rivers (regenerating forests helped the rivers to be more fixed in their course) Also affected its physical geography Large herbivores can be ecosystem engineers Elephants eat trees Apex predators also ecosystem engineers but not the only ones
57
Connectivity needs depend on species involved. Area-demanding species and _________ ______
Migratory Species
58
Connectivity needs depend on species involved. Migratory Species
Specialized connectivity needs --> stepping stone protected areas along migration routes Phenology --> changes in timing of migration --> changes in timing of seasonal closures, etc. Species --> some populations stop migrating --> manage areas for migratory and for newly non-migratory populations Migratory species – have special needs at diff times of the year
59
i.e. Parking lots look like lakes from the air
i.e. Canada geese and ducks (detrimental trying to land in parking lots)
60
Connectivity needs depend on species involved. Migratory Species Example
Migratory bird flyways in Europe and Africa Flyways – migratory paths taken by birds, butterflies Flyways very likely to shift temporarily / spatial (climate change) Need to track changes to conserve flyways
61
Connectivity now and in the future Different species have different connectivity issues Cost effective connectivity requires that we focus both on connectivity needs now and in the future
Larger animals need connectivity between sites Smaller organisms / plants --> connectivity within a site, between site and its unprotected periphery Within site / between site and periphery connectivity far more cost effective (requires less area) Need to ensure connection between present and future populations Also to ensure connection between present and future attributes of landscapes needed for species to persist
62
What is a climate blowback?
Habitat loss due to changing human land uses as a result of climate change = secondary effect (blowback)
63
T or F: Blowback may have larger conservation impact than direct effects of climate change
TRUE - Blowback may have larger conservation impact than direct effects of climate change
64
Climate blowback Biggest concern
- shifts in agriculture to track optimal conditions = more stress on ecological systems
65
Climate blowback example Ex) Vineyards and wine production
Ex) Vineyards and wine production Climate change - vineyards expanding into new areas (potential habitat loss for organisms) Connectivity between protected sites may be at risk
66
Climate blowback Conservation, climate change, and wine
Vineyards = - barriers to wildlife movement into new suitable habitat - increased water stress in areas of declining suitability
67
Connectivity and landscape management What is needed?
Regional coordination is needed!
68
Connectivity and landscape management Regional coordination is needed. Why?
Ensures resource management objectives across multiple management units match Avoids conflicting goals for different protected areas (promote linkages between protected sites) Area-demanding and migratory species = broad scale connectivity (regional or even multiple regions) Finer-scale connectivity of multiple species need to be coordinated between protected areas
69
Species Management What is a threatened species?
Red List of Threatened Species of International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Classifications of IUCN: - Near threatened - Vulnerable - Endangered - Critically endangered Groups of taxonomic experts = identify threatened species (expert knowledge / scientific literature)
70
Name two ways to manage threatened species.
Assisted migration species rescue
71
Name two ways to manage threatened species. What is assisted migration?
Done when all other in situ options are exhausted Ex) extreme range shifts, poor dispersers Translocation of populations into new areas of suitable habitat Difficulty – determining when appropriate to do (e.g. dangers of creating invasives)
72
Name two ways to manage threatened species. What is species rescue?
Done as a very last resort Ex) Ex situ conservation (captive breeding, zoos) Goal whenever possible return species to wild (can work with in situ management to that end) Most expensive option -- better option is mitigate climate change before this becomes necessary
73
What is done as a very last resort to managing threatened species?
Species rescue!
74
What is an example of a species rescue success story?
California condors 22 rescued from wild in 1983 via captive breeding program ~200 now survive in wild in 3 populations, 100 still in captivity successful breeding and reintro to the wild

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