Lecture 11: doping and eating disorders Flashcards
(39 cards)
Performance enhancing drugs
drugs that are intentionally taken with the goal of improving performance in some way, such as by improving strength, reducing pain, or decreasing anxiety. In body-building: Performance- and image-enhancing drugs (PIEDs)
Erthyropietin
- increases the production of red blood cells which increases the flow of oxygen to the muscles
- reduces muscle fatigue
Anabolic-androgenic steroids
- stimulates proteins which can build muscle mass and increases in strength and endurance
- reduced muscle results in improved recovery times
- can involve increase in aggression-> increased facial hair and deeper voice
Stimulants
These stimulate the central nervous system, increase heart rate and blood pressure resulting in impoved endurance, decreased fatigue, increased alertness and aggressiveness. Vary in effects and legality, can issue therapeutic use exemptions
Beta-blocker
Can slow down the heart rate and relax muscles which decreases anxiety and tension
What are the differences between anabolic and catabolic functioning?
When you’re in an anabolic state, you’re building and maintaining your muscle mass. When you’re in a catabolic state, you’re breaking down or losing overall mass, both fat and muscle.
Risks related to AAS use
- endocrine: (testicular atrophy, libido changes, decreased sperm count, infertility, menstrual irregularities in women, masculinization in women, enlargement of breast tissue)
- cardiovascular (lipid profile changes, elevated blood pressure, decreased myocardial function, ventricular hypertrophy, arrythmia, increased red blood cells)
- musculoskeletal: risk of tendon tears, skeletal muscle injuries, pus in tissue caused by bacteria
- psychological (addiction, mania, depression, aggression and mood swings)
- liver (toxicity, benign liver tumour and malignant cancerous tumour)
- dermatological (acne, male pattern baldness)
What did the HAARLEM study find?
They looked at AAS use in athletes, and found that anabolic steroids are used in cycle with a duration between 6 and 18 weeks, but each cycle is rarely identical
What are the physical reasons for doping?
To improve performance thorugh increasing strength, endurance, alertness and aggression and/or decreasing fatigue, reaction time and anxiety. Some individuals would choose immediate rewards vs long-term goals (would choose to win every competition for the next 5 years even if they would die)-> Goldmann-Dilemma
What did the psychosocial meta-analysis results find?
- no gender differences
- some co-occurrence btw supplement use and doping but no longitudinal association
- small to medium association from risk factors to doping use, high association to intentions
- intention behaviour gap is large
Risk factors for doping use
- pro-doping intentions
- pro-doping norms
- supplement use
- pro-doping attitudes
- substance use
- exposure to appearance/fitness media
- antisocial behaviour
- body dissatisfaction
- ill-being
- high training volume
Protective factors: - positive morality
- self-efficacy
Risk factors for doping intentions
- negative morality
- pro-doping attitudes
- pro-doping norms
- body dissatisfaction
- supplement use
- ill-being
- maladaptive motivation
protective factors - positive morality
- self-efficacy
- adaptive motivation
What is the role of the athlete entourage in athlete attitudes?
Athlete entourage= complex and extensive network of people who interact with the athlete
- closeness and trust in coach relationship can influence doping intentions and behaviours
- peers through role-modelling, team culture, sudden performance changes, strong team morals, support systems and resources
How does doping stance and doping stigma
doping stance- personal standards regarding health morality
doping stigma: misinformation, lack of knowledge, lack of educational activities, lack of direct action from coaches can influence athletes in favour of doping, displacement of responsibility
Performance enhancement attitude scale
Main tool for measuring attitudes towards doping
- male participants score slightly higher but not significant differences
- positive associations in attitudes to doping and moral disengagement
- more lenient attitudes among drug users in comparison to clean athletes
How do scores on the PEAS relate to Dark Triad Traits?
Positively for Machiavellianism and psychopathy, negatively for narcissism
How are the perceptions to cheating different in sports compared to academics?
More likely to see steroid use as cheating than adderall use (those who did sports rated the steroid user as more of a cheater). Participants perceived the need to take steroids to success as lower. Zero-sum reasoning could be related as success in these takes implies another’s failure
What are the different approaches?
Detection and deterrence approach: regular doping controls and punishments for positive tests but costly as new developments needed to detect new drugs and procedures and not everything can be tested.
Intervention approaches: targeted at adolescents to enhance personality development and moral values, and easier access
What are the different programs?
Athletes training and learning to avoid steroids program: targeted at male adolescent athletes, interactive classroom and exercise sessions in small groups, peer and coach education. Evidence shows some effects on steroid use and intentions
Athletes targeting healthy exercise and nutrition alternatives: targeted at female adolescent athletes, focus on eating, decreased intentions for steroid/creatine and unhealthy weight loss, mediation of effects through social norms and self-efficacy for healthy eating
What is the disordered eating continuum?
Normal eating, dieting/restrictive eating, abnormal eating (subclinical), eating disorders (clinical. There is a distinction between abnormal eating/disordered eating and eating disorders
Disordered eating characteristics
- Pathogenic behaviours used to control weight (eg, occasional restricting, use of diet pills, bingeing, purging or use of saunas or ‘sweat runs’) may occur but not with regularity
- Thoughts of food and eating do not occupy most of the day
- Functioning usually remains intact
- There may be preoccupation with ‘healthy eating’ or significant attention to caloric or nutritional parameters of most foods eaten but intake remains acceptable
-While exercise may not be regularly used in excessive amounts to purge calories, there may be a cognitive focus on burning calories when exercising
Eating disorders characteristics
- Restricting, bingeing or purging often occur multiple times per week
- Obsessions with thoughts of food and eating occur much of the time
- Eating patterns and obsessions preclude normal functioning in life activities
- Preoccupation with ‘healthy eating’ leads to significant dietary restriction
- Excessive exercise beyond that recommended by coaches may be explicitly used as a frequent means of purging calories
What are eating disorders?
a definite disturbance of eating habits or weight-control behavior that could result in a clinically significant impairment of physical health or psychosocial functioning. Involves clinical treatment, perceptual/attitudinal distortions like fear of gaining weight
Anorexia nervosa DSM-5 criteria
A. Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, leading to a significantly low body weight in the context of age, sex, developmental trajectory, and physical health. Significantly low weight is defined as a weight that is less than minimally normal or, for children & adolescents, less than that minimally expected.
B. Intense fear of gaining weight or of becoming fat, or persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain, even though at a significantly low weight.
C. Disturbance in the way in which one’s body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of the current low body weight.
