Lecture 11: Health Promotion

Question 1

What is the aim of the Health protection?

Answer 1

measures to control infectious disease risks and environmental hazards, including public health emergencies

Question 2

Wha is the aim of health improvement in Oublic health?

Answer 2

societal interventions (to promote health, including preventing disease) that are not primarily delivered through health services and relate to the social determinants of health

Question 3

What is Health and care public health?

Answer 3

the organization and delivery of safe, high-quality, integrated services for prevention, treatment, and care.

Question 4

What are the levels of prevention?

Answer 4

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

Question 5

What is primary prevention?

Answer 5

prevent the onset of specific diseases via risk reduction by altering behaviors or exposures that can lead to disease or by enhancing resistance to the effects of exposure to a disease agent.

Question 6

What is secondary prevention?

Answer 6

detect and treat preclinical pathological changes and thereby control disease progression. E.g. screening

Question 7

What is tertiary prevention?

Answer 7

soften the impact caused by the disease on the patient’s function, longevity, and quality-of-life

Question 8

A large employer is running health promotion strategy by offering free counselling sessions to a small number of staff who report the worst mental health outcomes. What type of approach to health promotion is this?
A. High risk
B. Macroenvironmental
C. Medical
D. Population
E. Social change

Answer 8

A. High risk. Targeting those who are the worst affected

Question 9

A government brought in nutritional standards for school meals. What type of health promotion intervention is this?
A. Medical
B. Educational
C. Behaviour Change
D. Empowerment
E. Social Change

Answer 9

E. Social change,

Top down method of working, changes at policy/environmental level to bring about change.

Question 10

How many waves of public health are there in the UK?

Answer 10

Four/ Five waves

Question 11

What was the first wave and what happened?

Answer 11

Nineteenth century- 1800s

Improving environmental conditions (I.e. clean drinking water, safer work conditions)

Question 12

What is the Sanitation Phase in Public Health.?

Answer 12

A response to unsanitary conditions

Question 13

When was the second wave and what happened ?

Answer 13

1890-1950

Preventing and treating disease using vaccines and antibiotics

‘Personal Hygiene Era’

Central council for health established

Question 14

When was the third wave and what happened?

Answer 14

1940-1980

Identification of the 5 giants:
Want 
Ignorance 
Squalor
Idleness 
Disease

NHS established in 1948

Question 15

How was health viewed in the third wave ?

Answer 15

Result of the condition of everyday life

Question 16

When was the fourth wave and what happened?

Answer 16

1960s

Economic and social factors affecting people’s health

Social determinants of health were recognised

Question 17

What does the fifth wave involve?

Answer 17

Recognise multiple and interacting influences of health, ‘system’s approach’

Rebalancing of mindset from ‘anti’ (antibiotics, war on drugs, etc) to ‘pro’ (wellbeing, balance,integration)

Question 18

What is a Population risk approach ?

Answer 18

• Population based strategies aim to shift risk of the entire population

• This is more effective for a preventative effect for the maximum
number of people

Question 19

What strategy is essential for protecting vulnerable adults?

Answer 19

High risk strategies

Question 20

What is most effective measure?

Answer 20

Generally a combination of measures is considered the most effective; one set of measures targeted for high risk individuals and another preventative strategy for larger populations

Question 21

What are Health Behaviours?

Answer 21

Health Behaviour refers to activity that a well person would engage in order to prevent illnesses

Question 22

Define Illness Behaviour

Answer 22

Illness Behaviour concerns the behaviour someone would engage in order to find out what is wrong with him or her and to procure a remedy.

Question 23

What is Sick-role Behaviour?

Answer 23

Sick-role Behaviour concerns the behaviour a patient engages in to overcome their illness

Question 24

What is Health risk behaviour?

Answer 24

Behaviours with potentially negative effects of health

Question 25

What are the 5 approaches to Health Promotion?

Answer 25

``` Medical Educational Behaviour change Empowerment Social change ```

Question 26

What is medical or preventive approach ?

Answer 26

* This approach is aimed at reducing premature deaths (mortality) and avoidable diseases (morbidity). * Actions are targeted at whole populations or so-called ‘high risk’ groups. * Some argue this approach seeks to increase the use of medical interventions to promote health.

Question 27

What is Educational approach?

Answer 27

Seeks to provide knowledge and information, and to develop the necessary skills so that people can make informed decisions about their behaviour. Increasing knowledge may change in attitudes, that may result in changed behaviour.

Question 28

What are the cons of Educational approach?

Answer 28

It is argued that this approach does not necessarily set out to persuade or motivate change in a specific direction!

Question 29

What is Behaviour change approach ?

Answer 29

This approach aims to encourage individuals to adopt “healthy” behaviours that are regarded as key to improving health Focuses on individual responsibility

Question 30

What are the assumptions of Behaviour change approach?

Answer 30

If people don’t take responsibility for their actions they are to blame for the consequences - victim blaming approach. People can make real improvements to their health by changing their lifestyle

Question 31

What is Empowerment approach?

Answer 31

Aka Bottom up approach idea is premised on helping people or communities to identify their own health concerns, gain the skills and make changes to their lives accordingly . Professional acts as a facilitator rather than expert Approach described as a way of working which increases people’s ability to change their social reality

Question 32

What is Social change approach ?

Answer 32

Targets groups and populations, top down method of working. • Sometimes known as radical health promotion and is underlined by a belief that socio- economic circumstances determine health status. * Its focus is at the policy or environmental level. * Aims is to bring about physical, social, economic, legislative and environmental changes. • Approach is based on the notion that to promote positive health it is necessary to tackle and diminish social and health inequalities. • “Make the healthy choice the easier choice”.

Question 33

What are the cons of social change approach?

Answer 33

Healthy choices may be available, but this may require major structural changes

Question 34

What is Salutogenisis?

Answer 34

A sixth complementary approach for health promotion (Whiting and Miller, 2009) that gives prominence to people’s health needs based on a salutogenic approach

Question 35

What is a Salutogenic approach?

Answer 35

How to foster good health and protective mechanism

Question 36

What is a pathogenic focus or approach?

Answer 36

What is wrong and needs fixing

Question 37

Population based approaches aim to reduce risk and improve health of whole populations True or false?

Answer 37

True

Question 38

REMEMBER TO WATCH. UDGE THEORY VIDEO ON BLACKBOARD

Answer 38

Interview with professor Mike Kelly

Question 39

``` What type of intervention is the nudge approach? A. Medical B. Educational C. Behaviour Change D. Empowerment E. Social Change ```

Answer 39

C. Behavioural change E.g. Aims to encourage individuals to adopt “healthy” behaviours that are regarded as key to improving health. Nudge can include e.g. enticing people to take up activities or using subliminal marketing.

Question 40

``` The NHS Long Term plan states that ‘By 2021, where appropriate every person diagnosed with cancer will have access to personalised care, including needs assessment, a care plan and health and wellbeing information and support.’ What type of health promotion approach is this most closely aligned with? A. Behaviour Change B. Educational C. Empowerment D. Medical E. Social Change ```

Answer 40

C Empowerment: ‘bottom up approach - idea is premised on helping people or communities to identify their own health concerns, gain the skills and make changes to their lives accordingly.’

Question 41

At which Level of Prevention does the Medical Approach work? (select all that apply) A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary

Answer 41

All of them Medical approach aims to reduce premature deaths (mortality) and avoidable diseases (morbidity). Actions are targeted at whole populations or so-called ‘high risk’ groups