t/f- homicide represents less than 0.2% of violent crime
true
unlike other crimes, the definition of homicide is fairly ____ globally
consistent
which crime is seen as a “barometer” of crime in society/safety?
homicide
which of the following statements are UNTRUE?
a. worldwide homicide rate: 6.1 per 100k
b. Canada rate: 1.8
c. USA rate: 5.3
d. Australia, England, and New Zealand all have lower rates than Canada
e. Canada is 47th in the world
f. all of the above are true
f. all of the above are true
which 3 unconventional events in the metropolitan area of Toronto resulted in a spike in the Canadian homicide rate between 2017-18?
- discovery of 8 vics of serial homicide committed from 2010-17
- attack where 10 people were killed by an intentional van attack and another 13 were attempted homicide vics
- shooting in Toronto leaving 2 vics of homicide and 13 of attempted
is homicide higher in rural or urban areas? northern or southern areas of the provinces?
rural, northern
top 3 motives for murder in Canada
- argument
- frustration, anger, despair
- settling of accounts
t/f- most homicides occur within a residence and are male on male
true
____ and ____ are the most common homicide methods in Canada
shooting, stabbing (beating is 3rd)
gang homicides account for about 25% of homicides and usually involve the killing of a … by another …
gang member (gang member on gang member)
t/f- the rate of indigenous homicide is 5x higher and they account for 22% of homicide victims, despite only accounting for 5% of the population
true
comment on the likelihood of someone who committed homicide having a criminal record
~40% do not have a record
t/f- just over half of adult homicide victims have a criminal record
true
t/f- the 10 year average of youth accused of homicide is 8%
true
BONUS: John Martin Crawford
serial killer who killed women in Saskatchewan and Alberta
there are thought to be 2 types of mass murderers: those who chose specific targets who they believe to have caused them ____, and those who attack targets with no personal connection, but who belong to ____ the killer dislikes
stress, groups
FBI’s 3 criteria for defining a serial killer
- kill in 3+ separate events
- kill at 3+ separate locations
- engage in emotional cool off period between murders
comment on Hickey’s results in terms of whether they support either of the following claims:
- serial homicide is mainly sexual in nature
- all serial homicide offenders are white, male, insane, intelligent, travel great distances to commit crime
neither was supported
t/f- most serial homicide offenders act on impulse with minimal planning
false- lots of planning and control
t/f- being aware of factors that help avoid detection by police facilitates the possibility of homicides being serial
true
comment on past criminal records of serial homicide offenders
often have records; some evidence suggests they intentionally get caught for minor things which they do to learn about the process and types of evidence which may lead to their capture
t/f- serial homicide offenders are rarely bothered to destroy/hide evidence (eg. moving body, etc)
false- they often do this
why is it often left to the police to determine if homicide offences are behaviourally similar to one another (eg. to establish if there is a serial killer) as opposed to other methods?
DNA/prints are ideal, but often unavailable to police
comment on the reliability of using behavioural patterns to ID serial killers. Is there evidence to support it?
relying on individual behaviours is not great, but using “pools” of behaviours which have the same psychological meaning is better (eg. offender may bound a vic in one crime and gag them in another- these are diff behaviours but share the element of control)
very limited evidence, few studies done on this
t/f- the FBI’s organized and disorganized models are dichotomous
false- there is overlap
organized behaviours (FBI) seem to be a function of serial ____ homicide, and there is variance in the sub-varieties of ____ behaviours carried out
sexual, disorganized
what is the methodological problem with the original FBI reports of organized and disorganized crime scene theory?
inadequate definitions (eg. what these categories mean)
t/f- Holmes and Holmes’s (1998) gave no systematic account of exactly how that material was used to devise their system of classification.
true
t/f- killings of visionary killers are often long and drawn out
false- often quick, emphasis on “getting the job done”
which category of Holmes killer is MOST likely to commit their murder in a very long, drawn out fashion (can also mention the runner up)
thrill (subtype of hedonistic), power/control killers also are more satisfied with longer/drawn out processes
BONUS: which Holmes killer was described as potentially engaging in necrophilia and cannibalism?
lust (subtype of hedonistic)
the primary goal of expressive homicide is to …, and it is most likely to occur against someone…
harm the victim, the victim knows intimately
t/f- expressive homicides often involve extreme physical attacks
true
the 2 types of aggression listed in the lecture are:
- instrumental
b. expressive (reactive, affective)
compare the planning that goes into a serial vs single homicide
serial- lots of planning
single- often impulsive, unplanned, and based on emotional interaction
comment on when serial killers likely feel the most active emotions
after the event has taken place- offender gets gratification from the event taking place
it has been found that 30-50% of serial offender behaviour is more related to the goals of the offender through the event rather than the specific act of killing (these extra actions appear to be more important to the offender than the actual killing). These behaviours relate to the following 4 goals:
- delaying detection
- controlling the vic
- gaining personal property from the vic
- engaging in sexual activity with the vic
are serial or single homicide offenders more likely to consider the actual act of killing to be the most important aspect of their actions?
single
at what point do single homicide offenders often realize the importance of avoidance behaviours?
after the event (as opposed to planning it out, like serial killers who want to commit the act multiple times do)
____ in the single homicide offender may prevent them from being fully aware of all the behaviours necessary to avoid apprehension.
a. substance use
b. affect
c. panic
d. psychopathy
b. affect
t/f- most homicide offenders have had a reactive expression and no criminal record- most do not appear to be high risk for committing more offences
true
t/f- data suggests that treatment for violent (non-sexual) offenders can be effective
true