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Muscoskeletal System > Lecture 1.1: Intro to MSK > Flashcards

Lecture 1.1: Intro to MSK Flashcards

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1
Q

How many bones is adult skeleton made of?

A

206

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2
Q

What is the break up of bone types in adults?

A 
8 Cranial
6 Auditory Ossicles
14 Facial
26 Vertebral Column
26 Hyoid, Sternum & Ribs
64 Upper Limb
62 Lower Limb
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3
Q

How many cranial bones are there?

A

8

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4
Q

How many auditory ossicle bones are there?

A

6

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5
Q

How many facial bones are there?

A

14

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6
Q

How many vertebral bones are there?

A

26

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7
Q

How many upper limb bones are there?

A

64

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8
Q

How many lower limb bones are there?

A

64

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9
Q

How many hyoid, sternum and rib bones are there?

A

26

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10
Q

Function of Bone (6)

A

• Support – rigid framework
• Protection – enclose vital structures & viscera
• Body movement – anchoring attachments for most muscles;
act as levers with joints functioning as pivots when muscles
contract to cause movement
• Haemopoiesis – in red marrow
• Mineral storage – in bone matrix
• Lipid storage in emergencies – in yellow marrow

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11
Q

What types of matter are in bone?

A

Organic: Type I collagen confers flexibility and resistance to stress

Inorganic: Calcium hydroxyapatite crystals give strength

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12
Q

Classifications of Skeleton (2)

A

Axial

Appendicular

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13
Q

What is included in the Axial Skeleton? What is the main purpose?

A

Mainly protective
Bones lined up vertically along an axis for support

  • Skull
  • Vertebral Column
  • Ribs
  • Sternum
  • Hyoid
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14
Q

What is included in the Appendicular Skeleton? What is the main purpose?

A

To provide motility

Everything that is not Axial Skeleton e.g. femur, fibula, tibia, humerus, ulna, radius

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15
Q

Classification of Bones (5)

A
  • Long
  • Short (cuboidal)
  • Flat
  • Irregular
  • Sesamoid
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16
Q

What are Surface Markings of Bones?

A

They are various markings &/or irregularities (surface raised or roughened) found on bones where fascia, ligaments, tendons or aponeuroses are attached to bone

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17
Q

Surface Marking on Bone: Tuberosity

A

Roughened, rounded elevation

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18
Q

Surface Marking on Bone: Trochanter

A

Large projection of the femur

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19
Q

Surface Marking on Bone: Condyle

A

Large prominence or rounded surface

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20
Q

Surface Marking on Bone: Epicondyle

A

Smaller prominence above a condyle

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21
Q

Surface Marking on Bone: Tubercle

A

Smaller elevation

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22
Q

Surface Marking on Bone: Spine or Spinous Process

A

Slender projection

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23
Q

Surface Marking on Bone: Facet

A

Flattened surface for joint/muscle attachment

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24
Q

Surface Marking on Bone: Crest

A

Ridge

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25
Surface Marking on Bone: Sinus
Hollow space
26
Surface Marking on Bone: Meatus
Tunnel or canal
27
Surface Marking on Bone: Fossa
Depression
28
Surface Marking on Bone: Foramen
Hole or opening
29
Surface Marking on Bone: Fissure
Narrow slit/cleft
30
Surface Marking on Bone: Notch
Large groove
31
What is a Joint?
A site where 2 or more skeletal elements come together (articulate)
32
Types of Joints: Fibrous
Virtually no movement
33
Types of Joints: Cartilaginous
No or minimal movement
34
Types of Joints: Synovial
Most found joint in the body | A variety of movements
35
Types of movement synovial joints can carry out (8)
* Flexion * Extension * Abduction * Adduction * Internal rotation * External rotation * Circumduction * Gliding
36
Features of Synovial Joints
* Hyaline Cartilage * Synovial Fluid * Synovial Membrane * Joint Capsule
37
Types of Synovial Joints (6)
* Hinge * Saddle * Plane * Pivot * Condyloid * Ball & Socket
38
Synovial Joints: Hinge
Permit flexion & extension only
39
Synovial Joints: Saddle
Concave & convex joint surfaces
40
Synovial Joints: Plane
Permit gliding or sliding movements
41
Synovial Joints: Pivot
Rotation | Round bony process fits into a bony ligamentous socket
42
Synovial Joints: Condyloid
Permit flexion & extension, adduction, adduction & circumduction
43
Synovial Joints: Ball and Socket
Permit movement in several axes | A rounded head fits into a concavity
44
What 3 Factors does the stability of a joint depend on?
1) Shape, size & arrangement of articular surfaces 2) Ligaments 3) Muscle tone
45
What effect does shape, size & arrangement of articular surfaces have on the stability of a joint?
The shape of the bones help to dictate which movements it will allow
46
What effect do ligaments have on the stability of a joint?
* Prevent excessive movement | * If stresses continue, ligaments stretch e.g. arches of the foot
47
What effect does muscle tone have on the stability of a joint?
* Major factor | * Loss of tone = shoulder joint will dislocate e.g. rotator cuff muscles around shoulder
48
Structures around Joints: Ligaments
* Made of collagen * Connect bone to bone * Supports a joint
49
Structures around Joints: Tendons
* Made of collagen | * Attach muscle to bone
50
Structures around Joints: Bursa
* A fluid filled sac lined by synovial membrane | * Cushions at points of friction between bone and surrounding tissue
51
What is Hilton’s Law?
The sensory nerve supplying a joint also supplies the muscles moving the joint and the skin overlying the insertions of these muscles
52
Functions of Skeletal Muscle? (6)
* Movement * Stability of joints * Posture * Mechanical efficiency of skeletal muscle = ~ 20% * Heat generation * Convert chemical energy to power mechanical work
53
Skeletal Muscle Shapes (7)
* Circular * Convergent * Parallel * Unipennate * Bipennate * Multipennate * Fusiform
54
If a nerve crosses a muscle it ..... it?
innervates
55
Hiltons Law: A nerve supplying a muscle also supplies ... ......... .....?
the overlying skin
56
If a ...... crosses a joint or more than one joint it acts on each one of them
muscle
57
Muscles .... not push (they ..... (shorten))
pull | contract
58
What are the 4 Muscle Groups?
* Agonists * Antagonists * Synergists * Fixators
59
Muscle Groups: Agonists
Prime movers (main muscles responsible for a particular movement)
60
Muscle Groups: Antagonists
Oppose prime movers (agonists)
61
Muscle Groups: Synergists
Assist prime movers | Neutralise extra motion
62
Muscle Groups: Fixators
Stabilises action of prime mover | E.g. fixes non-moving joint when prime mover acting over two joints
63
Muscle Compartments (4)
Anterior (Extensor) Compartment Lateral (Peroneal) Compartment Deep Posterior Compartment (Flexor) Superficial Posterior Compartment (Flexor)
64
What do muscles in the same muscle compartment share?
* Nerve supply * Blood supply * Function

Muscoskeletal System (15 decks)

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