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Muscoskeletal System > Lecture 1.1: Intro to MSK > Flashcards

Lecture 1.1: Intro to MSK Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones is adult skeleton made of?

A

206

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2
Q

What is the break up of bone types in adults?

A 
8 Cranial
6 Auditory Ossicles
14 Facial
26 Vertebral Column
26 Hyoid, Sternum & Ribs
64 Upper Limb
62 Lower Limb
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3
Q

How many cranial bones are there?

A

8

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4
Q

How many auditory ossicle bones are there?

A

6

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5
Q

How many facial bones are there?

A

14

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6
Q

How many vertebral bones are there?

A

26

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7
Q

How many upper limb bones are there?

A

64

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8
Q

How many lower limb bones are there?

A

64

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9
Q

How many hyoid, sternum and rib bones are there?

A

26

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10
Q

Function of Bone (6)

A

• Support – rigid framework
• Protection – enclose vital structures & viscera
• Body movement – anchoring attachments for most muscles;
act as levers with joints functioning as pivots when muscles
contract to cause movement
• Haemopoiesis – in red marrow
• Mineral storage – in bone matrix
• Lipid storage in emergencies – in yellow marrow

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11
Q

What types of matter are in bone?

A

Organic: Type I collagen confers flexibility and resistance to stress

Inorganic: Calcium hydroxyapatite crystals give strength

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12
Q

Classifications of Skeleton (2)

A

Axial

Appendicular

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13
Q

What is included in the Axial Skeleton? What is the main purpose?

A

Mainly protective
Bones lined up vertically along an axis for support

  • Skull
  • Vertebral Column
  • Ribs
  • Sternum
  • Hyoid
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14
Q

What is included in the Appendicular Skeleton? What is the main purpose?

A

To provide motility

Everything that is not Axial Skeleton e.g. femur, fibula, tibia, humerus, ulna, radius

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15
Q

Classification of Bones (5)

A
  • Long
  • Short (cuboidal)
  • Flat
  • Irregular
  • Sesamoid
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16
Q

What are Surface Markings of Bones?

A

They are various markings &/or irregularities (surface raised or roughened) found on bones where fascia, ligaments, tendons or aponeuroses are attached to bone

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17
Q

Surface Marking on Bone: Tuberosity

A

Roughened, rounded elevation

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18
Q

Surface Marking on Bone: Trochanter

A

Large projection of the femur

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19
Q

Surface Marking on Bone: Condyle

A

Large prominence or rounded surface

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20
Q

Surface Marking on Bone: Epicondyle

A

Smaller prominence above a condyle

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21
Q

Surface Marking on Bone: Tubercle

A

Smaller elevation

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22
Q

Surface Marking on Bone: Spine or Spinous Process

A

Slender projection

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23
Q

Surface Marking on Bone: Facet

A

Flattened surface for joint/muscle attachment

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24
Q

Surface Marking on Bone: Crest

A

Ridge

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25
Q

Surface Marking on Bone: Sinus

A

Hollow space

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26
Q

Surface Marking on Bone: Meatus

A

Tunnel or canal

27
Q

Surface Marking on Bone: Fossa

A

Depression

28
Q

Surface Marking on Bone: Foramen

A

Hole or opening

29
Q

Surface Marking on Bone: Fissure

A

Narrow slit/cleft

30
Q

Surface Marking on Bone: Notch

A

Large groove

31
Q

What is a Joint?

A

A site where 2 or more skeletal elements come together (articulate)

32
Q

Types of Joints: Fibrous

A

Virtually no movement

33
Q

Types of Joints: Cartilaginous

A

No or minimal movement

34
Q

Types of Joints: Synovial

A

Most found joint in the body

A variety of movements

35
Q

Types of movement synovial joints can carry out (8)

A
  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Abduction
  • Adduction
  • Internal rotation
  • External rotation
  • Circumduction
  • Gliding
36
Q

Features of Synovial Joints

A
  • Hyaline Cartilage
  • Synovial Fluid
  • Synovial Membrane
  • Joint Capsule
37
Q

Types of Synovial Joints (6)

A
  • Hinge
  • Saddle
  • Plane
  • Pivot
  • Condyloid
  • Ball & Socket
38
Q

Synovial Joints: Hinge

A

Permit flexion & extension only

39
Q

Synovial Joints: Saddle

A

Concave & convex joint surfaces

40
Q

Synovial Joints: Plane

A

Permit gliding or sliding movements

41
Q

Synovial Joints: Pivot

A

Rotation

Round bony process fits into a bony ligamentous socket

42
Q

Synovial Joints: Condyloid

A

Permit flexion & extension, adduction, adduction & circumduction

43
Q

Synovial Joints: Ball and Socket

A

Permit movement in several axes

A rounded head fits into a concavity

44
Q

What 3 Factors does the stability of a joint depend on?

A

1) Shape, size & arrangement of articular surfaces
2) Ligaments
3) Muscle tone

45
Q

What effect does shape, size & arrangement of articular surfaces have on the stability of a joint?

A

The shape of the bones help to dictate which movements it will allow

46
Q

What effect do ligaments have on the stability of a joint?

A
  • Prevent excessive movement

* If stresses continue, ligaments stretch e.g. arches of the foot

47
Q

What effect does muscle tone have on the stability of a joint?

A
  • Major factor

* Loss of tone = shoulder joint will dislocate e.g. rotator cuff muscles around shoulder

48
Q

Structures around Joints: Ligaments

A
  • Made of collagen
  • Connect bone to bone
  • Supports a joint
49
Q

Structures around Joints: Tendons

A
  • Made of collagen

* Attach muscle to bone

50
Q

Structures around Joints: Bursa

A
  • A fluid filled sac lined by synovial membrane

* Cushions at points of friction between bone and surrounding tissue

51
Q

What is Hilton’s Law?

A

The sensory nerve supplying a joint also supplies the muscles moving the joint and the skin overlying the insertions of these muscles

52
Q

Functions of Skeletal Muscle? (6)

A
  • Movement
  • Stability of joints
  • Posture
  • Mechanical efficiency of skeletal muscle = ~ 20%
  • Heat generation
  • Convert chemical energy to power mechanical work
53
Q

Skeletal Muscle Shapes (7)

A
  • Circular
  • Convergent
  • Parallel
  • Unipennate
  • Bipennate
  • Multipennate
  • Fusiform
54
Q

If a nerve crosses a muscle it ….. it?

A

innervates

55
Q

Hiltons Law: A nerve supplying a muscle also supplies … ……… …..?

A

the overlying skin

56
Q

If a …… crosses a joint or more than one joint it acts on each one of them

A

muscle

57
Q

Muscles …. not push (they ….. (shorten))

A

pull

contract

58
Q

What are the 4 Muscle Groups?

A
  • Agonists
  • Antagonists
  • Synergists
  • Fixators
59
Q

Muscle Groups: Agonists

A

Prime movers (main muscles responsible for a particular movement)

60
Q

Muscle Groups: Antagonists

A

Oppose prime movers (agonists)

61
Q

Muscle Groups: Synergists

A

Assist prime movers

Neutralise extra motion

62
Q

Muscle Groups: Fixators

A

Stabilises action of prime mover

E.g. fixes non-moving joint when prime mover acting over two joints

63
Q

Muscle Compartments (4)

A

Anterior (Extensor) Compartment
Lateral (Peroneal) Compartment
Deep Posterior Compartment (Flexor)
Superficial Posterior Compartment (Flexor)

64
Q

What do muscles in the same muscle compartment share?

A
  • Nerve supply
  • Blood supply
  • Function

Muscoskeletal System (15 decks)

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