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Metabolism > Lecture 1.1: Introduction to Metabolism > Flashcards

Lecture 1.1: Introduction to Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is Nutrition and Whole Body Metabolism?

A

Considers the energy and nutrient requirements of the body, and the regulation of body weight

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2
Q

What is Cellular Metabolism?

A

Considers the chemical reactions and transformations that go on inside cells and tissues, and how they are controlled

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3
Q

What is Endocrinology?

A

Considers how the metabolism of cells and tissues is integrated to serve the needs of the whole body
under different physiological conditions

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4
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

All chemical reactions involved in maintaining the
living state of the cells in our body

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5
Q

What 4 Types of Pathways are involved in Metabolism?

A
  • Degradative Pathways (food–>energy)
  • Detoxification Pathways
  • Fuel Storage & Mobilisation Pathways
  • Biosynthetic Pathways
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6
Q

Catabolic Reactions

A

Breaking down of larger molecules to smaller ones with
release of energy

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7
Q

Anabolic Reactions

A

Using energy and smaller molecules to synthesise larger ones

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8
Q

What is Lactose Intolerance?

A

Lactose intolerance occurs when your small intestine doesn’t produce enough of an enzyme (lactase) to digest milk sugar (lactose)

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9
Q

What 2 sugars is lactose broken down into?

A

Galactose and Glucose

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10
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Lactose Intolerance (6)

A
  • Diarrhoea
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Stomach Cramps
  • Bloating
  • Gas
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11
Q

How many animo acids are “essential”? What does this mean?

A
  • 9
  • It means they cannot be generated by the body, must
    come from diet
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12
Q

Mnemonic to remember the essential amino acids

A

If: Isoleucine
Learned: Lysine
This: Threonine
Huge: Histidine
List: Leucine
May: Methionine
Prove: Phenylalanine
Truly: Tryptophan
Valuable: Valine

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13
Q

What are the fat-soluble vitamins? (4)

A

A, D, K, E

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14
Q

Structure of Triacylglycerols

A

(3 fatty acids esterified to 1 glycerol)

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15
Q

What happens with Vit.A deficiency?

A
  • Xerophthalmia
  • The spectrum of ocular disease caused by severe
    Vitamin A deficiency
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16
Q

What happens with Vit.D deficiency? (2)

A
  • Rickets (children)
  • Osteomalacia (adults or children)
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17
Q

What happens with Vit.K deficiency?

A

Defective blood clotting

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18
Q

What happens with Vit.E deficiency?

A

Neurologic abnormalities (ataxia, dysarthria, areflexia)

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19
Q

What happens with Vit.B1 (Thiamine) deficiency?

A

Beriberi

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20
Q

What happens with Vit.B12 (Cobalamin) deficiency?

A

Anaemia

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21
Q

What happens with Vit.B6 (Pyridoxine) deficiency? (2)

A
  • Dermatitis
  • Anaemia
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22
Q

What happens with Vit.B7 (Biotin) deficiency? (3)

A
  • Alopecia
  • Scaly Skin
  • CNS defects
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23
Q

What happens with Vit.C deficiency?

24
Q

What happens with Vit.B9 (Folate/folic acid) deficiency? (2)

A
  • Neural tube defects
  • Anaemia
25
What happens with Vit.B3 (Niacin) deficiency?
Pellagra
26
What happens with Vit.B5 (Pantothenic acid) deficiency?
* Fatigue * Apathy
27
What happens with Vit.B2 (Riboflavin) deficiency?
Ariboflavinosis
28
Low fibre intake associated with...? (2)
* Constipation * Bowel Cancer
29
High fibre diet is shown to reduce...? (2)
* Cholesterol * Risk of diabetes
30
What is the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)?
Average amount needed in a day to maintain good health
31
What is the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)?
Average amount needed in a day to maintain good health
32
What does RDA depend on?
* Depends on age/gender/level of physical activity * Increased in pregnancy and lactation
33
What part of our diets is Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI) used for?
* Protein * Vitamins * Minerals
34
What part of our diets is Estimated Average Requirement( EAR) used for?
EAR used for energy
35
70 kg adult male how many daily calories?
2800
36
58 kg adult female how many daily calories?
2000
37
Daily energy expenditure is the sum of? (3)
* Basal metabolic rate (BMR) * Diet-Induced Thermogenesis (DIT) (energy required to process food) * Physical activity level (PAL)
38
What is the Basal Metabolic Rate?
Energy required by an individual during physical, digestive and emotional rest at 18oC, sum of all tissues in the body
39
What is Activity (Muscular Work)?
Amount depends on type, intensity and duration of activity
40
What is Specific Dynamic Action of Food?
Energy cost of ingestion, digestion and absorption of food
41
What is another way energy is lost?
Via heat
42
Factors affecting BMR (6)
* Body size (surface area) * Gender (males higher than female) * Environmental temperature (increases in cold) * Endocrine status (increased in hyperthyroidism) * Body temperature (~12% increase per degree(fever) * Pregnancy and lactation
43
BMI Calculation
Weight (kg)/ Height^2 (m)
44
Greater proportion of fat in upper body, (especially abdomen), compared to the hips associated with increased risk of...? (7)
* Insulin resistance * Hyperinsulinism * Type 2 diabetes * Hypertension * Hyperlipidaemia * Stroke * Premature death
45
What is Malnutrition?
Lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right things, or being unable to use the food that one does eat
46
What is Kwashiorkors Disease?
Occurs when protein deprivation is greater than total energy intake commonly seen in ~ 1 year old children
47
Symptoms of Kwashiorkors Disease (5)
* Oedema * Stunted Growth * Decreased Fat/Muscle Mass * Enlarged Live * Anaemia
48
What is Marasmus?
Occurs when calorie deprivation is greater than reduction in protein intake commonly seen in children younger than 1 year
49
Symptoms of Marasmus (5)
* Arrested Growth * Extreme Muscle Wasting * Loss of Fat * Anaemia
50
What is Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST)?
* A five-step screening tool to identify adults, who are malnourished, at risk of malnutrition, or obese * It also includes management guidelines which can be used to develop a care plan
51
What are the 5 Steps of MUST?: Step 1
* Measure weight & height * Calculate BMI
52
What are the 5 Steps of MUST?: Step 2
* Percentage (unplanned) weight loss
53
What are the 5 Steps of MUST?: Step 3
* Establish acute disease effect and score (no intake for >5 days)
54
What are the 5 Steps of MUST?: Step 4
* Add scores from steps 1-3
55
What are the 5 Steps of MUST?: Step 5
* Develop a nutritional care plan

Metabolism (16 decks)

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