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Biochem Final > Lecture 11 - Oxidative Phosphorylation > Flashcards

Lecture 11 - Oxidative Phosphorylation Flashcards

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1
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation involves 2 processes:

A

oxidation and phosphorylation

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2
Q

Oxidation involves…..

A

electron flow

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3
Q

phosphorylation involves….

A

the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi

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4
Q

The processes of oxidation and phosphorylation are _____

A

coupled

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5
Q

The _____mitochondrial membrane has characteristic ______

A

inner, infoldings

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6
Q

What do the infoldings of the inner mitochondrial membrane do?

A

they increase the membrane surface area

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7
Q

Only the _____ membrane of the mitochondria is critical for oxidative phosphorylation

A

inner

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8
Q

The inner mitochondrial membrane has a high concentration of _____

A

proteins

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9
Q

Give some examples of the proteins contained in the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

-exchangers such as the pyruvate transport

-protein complexes that conduct the flow of protons and electrons

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10
Q

Many ____ can be embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

proteins

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11
Q

Carriers for the electron transport chain can be divided into 3 groups:

A

molecules that carry electrons, protons, or both

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12
Q

Electron carriers are typically…..

A

metals such as iron and copper

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13
Q

The metals in the electron transport chain exist in a _____ form meaning what?

A

chelate meaning they contain a ligand bound to the central metal atom

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14
Q

Metals in the electron transport chain exist in a chelate form either as a ____ or ______

A

heme or a complex with sulfur (Fe-S complex)

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15
Q

Fe exists exclusively in the ____ oxidation state. However, in oxidative phosphorylation, it can change oxidation states between ___ and ____ so as to carry electrons

A

2+
2+ and 3+

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16
Q

Are hemes and sulfur complexes (Fe-S) redox reactive?

A

no

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17
Q

Carriers of protons are ____ and _____

A

acids and bases

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18
Q

The acid and the base are typically ___ residues and ____ residues

A

aspartyl residues and histidyl residues (also glutamate?)

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19
Q

Give examples of molecules that could carry BOTH electrons and protons?

A

NADH, QH2, FADH2, FMNH2

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20
Q

NADH transfers a ___ of ____ along with a _____

A

pair of electrons along with a proton

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21
Q

QH2 transfers electrons in ____ steps:

A

2 steps:

  1. Q accepts 1 electron to form a radical intermediate
  2. Second electron is added along with 2 protons to form QH2
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22
Q

Quinone as a radical is….

A

very reactive - not stable

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23
Q

_____ cofactors can transfer 1 or 2 electrons at a time

A

Flavin

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24
Q

Flavin cofactors can transfer 1 or 2 electrons at a time. Explain the 2 steps

A

1 electron - radical intermediate

2 electron- hydride ion transfer

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25
There are _____ membrane bound complexes in oxidative phosphorylation
5
26
Between the 5 complexes, which 2 have a free energy value that is sufficient to drive ATP synthesis?
1 and 4
27
Which complex has the highest free energy value
2
28
What is the inhibitor of complex 1?
Rotenone
29
What is the inhibitor for complex 2?
Malonate
30
What is the inhibitor for complex 3?
Antimycin A
31
What is the inhibitor of complex 4?
Cyanide
32
Which inhibitor is competitive and what complex does it inhibit?
Malonate is a competitive inhibitor to complex 2.
33
Write the major pathway for the sequence of electron flow
1--->Q--->3--->CytC--->4--->O2
34
Write the minor pathway for the sequence of electron flow
2--->Q...>3...>cytC--->4--->O2
35
Which 2 inhibitors are toxins and COMPLETELY block electron transport?
Antimycin and cyanide
36
What happens to energy as it moves through the electron transport chain?
energy is gradually lowered and harvested by the various complexes
37
What drives ATP synthesis?
The proton gradient built across the inner membrane
38
Complex 1 is a _____. Give its official name
Complex 1 is a proton pump. Name = NADH-Q reductase
39
Explain what Complex 1 does
Accepts electrons and protons from NADH as a hydride and donates electrons to Q. Pumps protons across the membrane
40
Describe the STRUCTURE of complex 1
Composed of many subunits (45 protein chains) and contains FMN and several Fe-S proteins
41
3 general portions of Complex 1:
1. N module 2. P-module 3. Q-module
42
Describe the N-module of complex 1
the input domain directly reacts with NADH
43
Describe the P-module of complex 1
Protons are transported
44
Describe the Q-module of complex 1
Reacts with Q
45
(N-module, P-module, Q-module) Which is in the inner matrix of the mitochondria?
N-module
46
The P-module and Q-module are in the ___ of the mitochondria
embedded in the membrane
47
What is the name of Complex 2
Succinate Dehydrogenase
48
Complex 3 involves a ____ mechanism
loop
49
Complex 4 is ___ and ____
Pump and annihilation
50
Complex 5 is....
F1F0 ATP Synthase
51
Describe the structure and function of F1
Binds adenine. responsible for ATP synthesis. F1 sticks out in the matrix of the mitochondria
52
Describe the structure and function of F0
F0 conducts protons through the membrane. It is anchored to the membrane
53
F1F0 ATP synthase catalyzes.....
movement of protons from the cytosol to the matrix. Includes a passageway for protons and an active site for ATP synthesis
54
The binding of ATP to complex 5 displays _____ cooperativity
negative
55
However, in the case of enzymatic activity, as more ATP was bound, activity _____
increased
56
ATP synthase involves 2 structural parts:
a rotor and a stator
57
Which complex does NOT pump protons into the intermembrane space?
complex 2
58
what is an electron carrier that always stays inside of the membrane?
Quinone (Q)
59
Why does Q stay bound to the membrane?
It is hydrophobic
60
Cytochrome C is very _____ and is similar in structure to _____
soluble, myoglobin
61
Where is cytochrome C found?
in the inner membrane space
62
Which electron carrier carries 1 electron at a time?
cytochrome C
63
Can ATP permeate through the mitochondrial membrane?
NO. It leaves the mitochondria through a transmembrane transporter
64
ATP synthase synthesizes ATP in the ______
matrix
65
Where is the energy from for ATP synthase to make ATP (a high energy molecule)?
proton gradient
66
What is done to generate this proton gradient?
electrons are oxidized
67
Oxidation and phosphorylation are linked by....
proton gradient

Biochem Final (8 decks)

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