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Parkinson’s Disease > Lecture > Flashcards

Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Progressive disorder of the CNS with both motor and non-motor Sx

A

Parkinson’s Disease

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2
Q

What are the other names of Parkinson’s Disease?

A

(SIP)
S- Shaky Paralysis
I- Idiopathic Parkinsonism
P- Paralysis Agitans

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3
Q

Among the neurodegenerative disorders, what is before PD?

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

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4
Q

Average age of onset in PD

A

50-50 years old

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5
Q

How many percent are diagnosed with early-onset PD?

A

4-10%

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6
Q

Classified as beginning between 21 and 41 y.o.

A

Young-onset PD

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7
Q

PD that occurs at age <21 y.o.

A

Juvenile-onset PD

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8
Q

Generic term used to describe a group of disorders with primary disturbances in the dopamine system of basal ganglia

A

Parkinsonism

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9
Q

What are of the brain is the dopamine system?

A

Substantia Nigra

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10
Q

Other name for PD?

A

Idiopathic Parkinsonism

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11
Q

What is the most common type of PD?

A

Idiopathic Parkinsonism

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12
Q

What are the two distinct clinical subgroups of PD?

A
  • (PIGD) Postural Instability Gait Disturbed

* Tremor Predominant

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13
Q

Dominant Sx includes postural instability and gait disturbances

A

PIGD

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14
Q

A clinical subgroup that has a main feature: tremor

A

Tremor predominant

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15
Q

Typically demonstrates few problem with bradykinesia or postural instability

A

Tremor Predominant

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16
Q

What are the different severe gene mutation?

A
  • PARK1
  • PINK1
  • LRRK2
  • DJ-1
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17
Q

Give one example of a sever gene mutation PD

A

Glucocerebrosidase

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18
Q

Other names for gene mutated PD

A
  • Genetic PD

* Familial PD

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19
Q

PD that covers 10% of overall PD cases

A

Glucocerebrosidase/ Genetic PD/ Familial PD

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20
Q

What are the causes of secondary Parkinsonism?

A
  1. Viruses
  2. Toxins
  3. Drugs
  4. Tumor
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21
Q

Give an example of a virus that causes secondary Parkinsonism

A 
Postencephalitic Parkinsonism/
Encephalitis Lethargica (more specific term)
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22
Q

What toxin greatly causes secondary Parkinsonism?

A

Manganese

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23
Q

It it the most common type of toxin that represents a serious occupational hazard to many miners from prolonged exposure

A

Manganese

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24
Q

What part of the brain wherein it grows a tumor which then leads to secondary Parkinsonism

A

Basal Ganglia

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25
Q

Give some example of metabolic conditions that may cause Parkinsonism

A 
(HHHD)
1. Disorders of calcium metabolism
A. Hypothyroidism
B. Hyperparathyroidism
C. Hypoparathyroidism
D. Wilson’s Disease
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26
Q

Conditions that mimic PD in some respects, but the symptoms are caused by other neurodegenerative disorders

A

Parkinsonism-Plus Syndrome

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27
Q

Group of nuclei situated in the deep parts of the cerebrum & upper part of the brain stem

A

Basal Ganglia

28
Q

It can control muscular movements by influencing the cerebral cortex

A

Basal Ganglia

29
Q

What are the components of Corpus Striatum?

A
  • Caudate Nucleus

* Lentiform Nucleus

30
Q

What are the components of Lentiform Nucleus?

A
  • Putamen

Globus Pallidus

31
Q

What are the components of the substantia nigra?

A

Pars Compacta

Pars reticularis

32
Q

Explain the difference of pars compacta and pars reticularis

A

Pars compacta- inhibition

Pars reticularis- facilitation

33
Q

Neostrium is made of__

A

Caudate nucleus et Putamen

34
Q

It is for facilitation of movement

A

Direct Pathway

35
Q

If the direct pathway is destroyed what happens?

A

Hypokinetic Disorder

36
Q

If the indirect pathway is destroyed, what happens?

A

Hyperkinetic disorder

37
Q

For inhibition of movement

A

Indirect Pathway

38
Q

Give some examples of hyperkinetic disorders

A
  • chorea
  • athetosis
  • ballysmus
  • dystonia
39
Q

Loss of the ____ containing neurons produces characteristic changes in depigmentation in the substantia nigra with a characteristic pallor

A

Melanin

40
Q

What stage of PD is where lesions are found in the medulla oblongata (dorsal IX/X nucleus or intermediate reticular zone)?

A

Stage 1

41
Q

What stage of PD is where Pathology is expanded to involve lesions of the caudal raphe nuclei, the gigantocellular reticular nucleus, and coeruleus- subcoeruleus complex

A

Stage 2

42
Q

Stage of PD where there is an Involvement of the nigrostriatal system is apparent (pars compacta of the substantia nigra)

A

Stage 3

43
Q

Stage of PF where Lesions are also found in the cortex (temporal mesocortex and allocortex)

A

Stage 4

44
Q

Stage of PD where Pathology is extended to involve the sensory association areas of the neocortex and prefrontal neocortex

A

Stage 5

45
Q

Stage of PD where Pathology is extended to involve the sensory association areas of the neocortex and premotor areas

A

Stage 6

46
Q

What are the cardinal signs of PD?

A
  1. Rigidity
  2. Postural Instability
  3. Bradykinesia
  4. Resting Tremor
47
Q

What is the common Sx among the cardinal signs of PD?

A

Resting Tremor

48
Q

What is the frequency of resting tremor

A

4-6 Hz

49
Q

Where is the Inc site in resting tremor?

A

Hand

50
Q

It is the most disabling manifestation

A

Bradykinesia

51
Q

Slowness of movement

A

Bradykinesia

52
Q

Bradykinesia is associated with?

A 
Akinesia
Bradyphrenia
Hyponimia
Freezing of gait
Hypokinesia
53
Q

indicator of advanced PD

A

Postural Instability

54
Q

Small hand writing

A

Micrographia

55
Q

What are the motor performance of a person with PD?

A
  • Decreased torque production
  • Fatigue
  • Contractures and deformity common
  • Masked face
  • Micrographia
56
Q

What are the motor planning of PD?

A
  • Start hesitation
  • Freezing episodes
  • Poverty of movement
57
Q

Sudden stops on movement

A

Freezing Episodes

58
Q

What is the posture of a PD patient?

A
  • kyphosis c forward head
  • Leaning to one side c tonal asymmetries
  • increased fall risk
59
Q

What are the presentation of sensation if pt with PD?

A
  • paresthesia
  • pain
  • akathisia
60
Q

What are the cognition function and behavior of pt c PD?

A
  • Dysmetria
  • Bradyphrenia
  • Visuospatial deficits • Depression
  • Dysphoric mood
61
Q

What are the autonomic nervous system fxn of pt with PD?

A
  • Excessive sweating
  • Abnormal sensations of heat and cold
  • Seborrhea
  • Sialorrhea
  • Constipation
  • Urinary bladder dysfunction
62
Q

What is the cardiopulmonary fxn of pt c PD?

A

• Low resting BP
• Compromised cardiovascular response
to exercise
• Impaired respiratory function

63
Q

What state is more benign progression to pt c PD?

A
  • young age at onset

- tremor predominant

64
Q

Most common cause of death to pt c PD

A
  • cardiovascular disease

- Pneumonia

65
Q

What is the gold standard neurologic assessment for PD?

A

Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)

66
Q

Provides a broad measure for charting the progression of the disease using motor signs and elements of functional status

A

Hoehn-Yahr Classification of Disability Scale

67
Q

Enumerate the PT examination et evaluation done to the PD patient

A
  1. Cognitive function
  2. Psychological function
  3. Sensory function
  4. Musculoskeletal function
  5. Motor function
  6. Autonomic function
  7. Integumentary function
  8. Functional status

Parkinson’s Disease (1 decks)

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